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Limping along on a malfunctioning computer

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The morning after and it isn’t all sunshine. Archive photo by and of Eric Jackson.

When the computer is malfunctioning, it’s a long
holiday weekend and cash is in short supply…

…you make do with what you have, trying to work around the problem.

I’m not sure if it is one or more software viruses, a problem in the hardware or a bad update I got from Windows 10. Or was that thing that said it was an update actually a phishing lure?

In any case I probe and test and see what works and what doesn’t, and which doesn’t work right but can be made to work in a fashion. I will need to go see Mr. Chen, and perhaps have to leave my machine in the city so as to be dark for a few days, there being no Internet cafes open at this stage of the epidemic as far as I know.

Bear with the scant production. See The Panama News Facebook page or Twitter feed for running blogs and occasional commentary. Lend a hand if you can.

Sorry, and thanks…

Eric Jackson

 

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Beluche, La separación de Colombia en 1903

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1903

Lo que no dice sobre la separación de Colombia

por Olmedo Beluche

Érase una vez una empresa de capital francés que inició las obras para construir un canal por el istmo de Panamá, allá por 1880. Pero la Compañía Universal del Canal Interoceánico, como la llamaron, fue dando tumbos hasta que, en 1888, paralizó la construcción.

¿Por qué? Los niños de primaria en Panamá saben que “la culpa fue del mosquito que producía la fiebre amarilla”. Los de secundaria, los que estudian, caen en cuenta que también le falló el diseño a Fernando de Lesseps, que intentó un canal a nivel que se estrelló contra el Corte Culebra. Muy pocos, a nivel universitario, se enteran de que hubo u tercer culpable: la corrupción.

Sí. Los gerentes franceses de la compañía resultaron ser unos pillos que le robaron millones de francos a los incautos inversionistas de clase media en Francia que compraron acciones de esta empresa creyendo que el canal los inundaría de riquezas. El escándalo, que fue asociado al nombre de Panamá, llegó a los estrados judiciales siendo condenados a penas de cárcel varios directivos.

Pero los pillos siguen siendo pillos y no se componen ni con la cárcel. Algunos de los directivos y accionistas mayoritarios idearon un plan para seguir chupándole la sangre al Canal de Panamá. En 1892 – 94, se dieron a la tarea de reorganizar la empresa bajo otro nombre, la Compañía Nueva del Canal Interoceánico. Lo primero que gestionaron fue una prórroga para terminar la obra. Una prórroga de diez años que culminaba en 1904. Anote la fecha.

Pero un sinvergüenza nunca deja de serlo, así que estos señores nunca pretendieron, ni juntaron capital suficiente para completar la obra. Solo buscaban ganar tiempo para vender sus “derechos” a un tercero, y así sacar hasta la última gota del negocio. ¿Quién tenía interés, capacidad para comprarles las acciones y continuar la obra? El gobierno de Estados Unidos de América.

En 1894, los franceses tuvieron la buena idea de contratar a uno de los abogados más influyentes en la política y en los negocios del naciente imperio norteamericano: William Nelson Cromwell. La firma Sullivan and Cromwell, que todavía existe, estaba bien ligada a capitalistas como J. P. Morgan, la General Electric y otros negocios de alto peso en Wall Street. De su seno salieron políticos influyentes como los hermanos Allan y John Foster Dulles, que dirigieron la Agencia Central de Inteligencia (CIA).
Gracias a ese contrato que hizo la Compañía Nueva, y a que en manos de ese bufete estaban las acciones de la Panama Rail Road Co., o Compañía del Ferrocarril de Panamá, tanto Cromwell como la firma de abogados jugaría un papel inconfesable en los sucesos de 1903.

La última década del siglo XIX se caracterizó por lo que se ha llamado fase imperialista del capitalismo, cuando las grandes potencias se repartieron el mundo para asegurarse fuentes de materias primas y mercados. Estados Unidos terminó de dar su salto con la Guerra de 1898 contra España a la que le arrebató sus últimas colonias: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Las Filipinas. Al poseer territorios e intereses en Asia, los norteamericanos se vieron compelidos a dar urgencia a la construcción de un canal que permitiera a su armada naval cuidar sus intereses en ambos océanos.

Entre1894 y 1903 las autoridades norteamericanas negociaron con franceses, colombianos y nicaragüenses. Aquí es donde el papel de Cromwell se hizo clave. Por un lado, unió a un grupo de capitalistas norteamericanos para comprar en secreto un gran grupo de acciones de la Compañía Nueva, que estaban devaluadas. Plan que denominó “Americanización del Canal”. Se afirma que invirtieron 3.5 millones de dólares por unas acciones que revenderían a su gobierno por 40 millones de dólares. Buen negocio, ¿verdad?

La participación de prominentes empresarios y políticos norteamericanos en este negociado fue lo que en verdad inclinó la balanza a favor del canal por Panamá, y no como pinta el mito de las supuestas estampillas con volcanes de Nicaragua que habría regalado Bunau Varilla a los senadores.

Una vez listo el grueso del asunto había que proceder con los detalles, así que Teodoro Roosevelt, buen amigo de Cromwell, exigió a Colombia el cese de la Guerra de los Mil Días, sentó a los dos partidos, liberales y conservadores, en la mesa y con su mediación salió el Pacto de Neerlandia y el del acorazado Wisconsin en noviembre de 1902.

Siguiente paso, obligar al embajador colombiano a firmar un tratado sin mucha consulta con su país. El 22 de enero de 1903 se firmó el Tratado Herrán-Hay, que contenía: lo que se llamaría Zona del Canal con jurisdicción norteamericana; un pago de 40 millones de dólares a los accionistas “franceses” (y norteamericanos); 10 millones de adelanto a al estado colombiano, y Panamá por supuesto; y una anualidad de 250 mil dólares cuando el canal estuviera en funcionamiento.

Los colombianos y panameños decentes de aquel tiempo sabían leer y sumar, y no eran menos listos que los actuales, así que empezaron con los cuestionamientos: ¿Cómo vamos a partir el Istmo por la mitad y ceder la soberanía a una potencia extranjera allí? ¿Eso no contradice la constitución y el derecho internacional? ¿Por qué a Colombia le tocan 10 y a los accionistas 40? ¿Con qué derechos si ellos solo poseen una concesión que vence en un año y un poco de chatarra en un hueco a medio excavar? ¿Pero si la Compañía del ferrocarril ya paga 250 mil de anualidad, ahora que se quedarán con ella y tendrán el canal seguirán pagando lo mismo?

Todo esto se lo preguntaban panameños tan ilustres como los liberales Carlos A. Mendoza y Belisario Porras, y conservadores como Juan B. Pérez y Soto y Oscar Terán, entre otros. Esa era su opinión a mitad de 1903, al margen de si algunos cambiaron posteriormente. El crecimiento del rechazo al tratado, a nuestra manera de ver, llevó al juicio sumario y fusilamiento de Victoriano Lorenzo, el 15 de mayo de 1903, fue una advertencia para acallar cualquier intento de resistencia.

Cuando Comwell advirtió que podía fracasar el tratado en el Congreso colombiano, empezó a montar el Plan B: separar a Panamá de Colombia y nombrar una Junta de Gobierno leal a sus intereses que legitimara el tratado. Para ello recurrió a sus subalternos en la Compañía del Ferrocarril: José A. Arango, abogado residente de la empresa, y Manuel Amador Guerrero, funcionario a sueldo del ferrocarril.

Prepararon el plan, pero dándole hasta el último momento la oportunidad al Congreso colombiano de aprobar el Tratado Herrán-Hay. La separación sólo sucedería si no se aprobaba el tratado y no tenía otro móvil que el tratado. Todo el cuento de que los colombianos nos tenían “olvidados” fue inventado después y no era verdad, éramos uno de los departamentos más importantes y con mayor influencia en Colombia.

Cuando el senado colombiano resolvió no aprobar el tratado, sino proponer a Estados Unidos esperar hasta 1904, a que los franceses perdieran su concesión, sacarlos del medio, para que le pagaran 25 millones de dólares al estado colombiano, Cromwell empezó a ejecutar su Plan B y convocó a Amador Guerrero a Nueva York a finales de agosto.

Esperaron para actuar hasta el 30 de octubre, cuando el Congreso colombiano cerró sus sesiones sin aprobar el tratado. En ese momento, Roosevelt dio la orden de mover sus acorazados al Istmo por ambos mares. Diez acorazados y miles de soldados norteamericanos invadieron Panamá desde el 3 de noviembre y días sucesivos. Detallito que no cuentan a los niños en la escuela.

Quienes hacen frente a los soldados colombianos que llegaron a Colón la madrugada del 3 de noviembre, son el administrador yanqui de la Compañía del Ferrocarril, coronel Shaler y las tropas del acorazado Nashville, que instalaron nidos de ametralladoras. El 5 de noviembre fue decisiva la llegada del acorazado Dixie a Cristóbal con 500 soldados norteamericanos.

Quien se imagina a los “próceres” dirigiendo al pueblo contra los “opresores colombianos”, mejor que deje de leer cuentos infantiles. La foto que describe el hecho es que la izada de la bandera panameña en Colón el 6 de noviembre estuvo a cargo de un oficial de inteligencia norteamericano vestido de gala, llamado Murray Black.

La otra foto está dada por el Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla, firmado no por casualidad 15 días después, que contenía todo lo repudiable del Tratado Herrán-Hay, pero empeorado. La otra foto la encontramos el artículo 136 de la Constitución de 1904, que permitía que Estados Unidos interviniera en todo el territorio ístmico con la excusa de imponer el orden público.

Cromwell y sus socios obtuvieron los 40 millones de dólares, pero además él recibió del estado norteamericano otra cantidad millonaria por la Panama Rail Road Co. Para coronar sus ambiciones y probar su control sobre el gobierno panameño, fue nombrado como cónsul y agente fiscal de Panamá en Nueva York. A alguien del gobierno panameño se le ocurrió que de los 10 millones de dólares que le tocaban a Panamá, convenía separar 6 millones para crear un Fondo de la Posteridad, que sería invertido en bienes inmobiliarios y especulación financiera en Estados Unidos.

Es evidente que el 3 de noviembre de 1903, ni nos hicimos independientes ni soberanos, nos convertimos en colonia o protectorado de Estados Unidos. Situación contra la que tuvieron que pelear generaciones de panameños que sí lucharon por la independencia, como los jóvenes heroicos del 9 de Enero de 1964.

 

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¿Wappin? Stand alone when you must / Quédate solo cuando debes

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Selfie by the editor. Stuck at home in the boonies that day, but never alone.

Sometimes you can’t imagine how many of us there are
A veces no puedes imaginar cuántos de nosotros somos

Lucky Dube – You Stand Alone
https://youtu.be/uEAUM5Hi8pU

Karol G. – Bichota
https://youtu.be/QaXhVryxVBk

Jefferson Airplane – Volunteers
https://youtu.be/RrsvzILTB-0

Chile canta – El Derecho de Vivir en Paz
https://youtu.be/hHwIqQREIuQ

Jurgis DID – Time To Go
https://youtu.be/T0-s_pSq-oE

Willie Nelson – Vote ‘Em Out
https://youtu.be/7CjH7hOuq_Q

Howlin’ Wolf – Meet Me In The Bottom
https://youtu.be/mnZzNToI1tE

Cyndi Lauper – Time After Time
https://youtu.be/vEFBj3mlnt4

Cássia Eller & Nando Reis – Relicário
https://youtu.be/knat_CjgzUw

Mark Knopfler – Going Home: Theme Of The Local Hero
https://youtu.be/MEgMtw13s9I

Of Monsters and Men – Visitor
https://youtu.be/Bq1lpEC70Hg

iLe – Donde Nadie Más Respira
https://youtu.be/NpUfTQly4uQ

Cienfue – On the Back of Your Neck
https://youtu.be/opX0NZWgEkU

Nattali Rize – One People
https://youtu.be/eNQTZ_lxLXs

Giulio Wilson & Inti Illimani – Vale la Pena
https://youtu.be/QABPh9VOLtE

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

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Yes, There are Panamanians who write science fiction

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Genticks, the series of science fiction books by Panamanian author Ariel Agrioyanis which has been published in English and Spanish, is available via major Internet stores such as Amazon, Google Play Books, and Barnes & Noble. It was  presented to an Australian youth audience in this webinar.

Panamanian writer Ariel Agrioyanis
presents his science fiction in Australia

by Héctor Atencio

Ariel Agrioyanis, author of the novels Genticks, Genticks The Three Currents, Genticks The Adventure of Liber and Artemis and The Scale, spoke about his science fiction saga, Genticks, in front of an Australian youth audience on October 30th, through the Internet platform Zoom.

The Genticks saga, whose most recent book was published on May 16th, narrates the vicissitudes of a group of teenagers, led by the young 12-year-old Surina Iacobelli, in a future in which planet Earth is ruled by a global .overnment, whose council members have the interest of controlling everything. The rulers use the latest technological advances, quickly putting down various groups that wish to take their place.

The most recent book of the saga, Genticks The Adventure of Liber and Artemis, was published through Genticks.com for free reading and is aimed at young audiences who have not yet been able to physically return to classrooms due to the pandemic, being an alternative for reading while they are at home. It’s a prequel to the first book of the saga that has as main characters the orphans 14-year-old teens Liberius and Artemis Suan, who have grown up with many questions about their origins in a city on Mars. Soon they get an unexpected opportunity to travel to Earth, where they will try to find answers. They find a harsh reality that leads to the secrets of the planet’s most prestigious science and technology academy, Genticks, and the global government’s dark intentions. This in turn leads to an adventure that takes them to Earth’s remote places and characters like Captain Dewitt Edwards, Samantha Kraussi, Professor Gary Osmond, and Genius Gene on a mission that will change humanity’s otherwise unhappy fate.

These books were presented to the Australian audience, thanks to the Panamanian Embassy in Australia and its Internet resources. The national purpose is to promote the Panamanian letters, in this case published in English. It should be noted that in this webinar, the Australian counterpart was the renowned writer Katherine Canobi, author of the science fiction book Mindcull, a book that, like Genticks, has captivated a young audience due to its plot.

 

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La evolución de las hormigas que abonan sus granjas subterraneas

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Así como las sociedades humanas contemporáneas dependen de la agricultura a gran escala, las hormigas cortadoras de hojas dependen de una relación larga y co-evolucionada con un hongo. Como humanos, podemos compartir algunas de las mismas reglas que rigen su relación. El investigador asociado de STRI, Jon Shik, observa cómo las hormigas cortadoras de hojas regresan a su nido, llevando trozos de hojas para fertilizar su jardín de hongos subterráneo. Foto por Sean Mattson.

Eres lo que comes: lecciones evolutivas de hormigas agrícolas en Panamá

por STRI

Imagínese millones de hormigas cortadoras de hojas desfilando por un bosque tropical. Impulsadas ​​por un antojo misterioso para los humanos, de repente suben por un enorme tronco de árbol. ¿Cómo saben exactamente qué especies de hojas cortar para su jardín subterráneo de hongos? Las hormigas no comen las hojas; se comen el hongo. Investigadores del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI) en Panamá y la Universidad de Copenhague (UCPH) en Dinamarca, piensan que las decisiones de las hormigas sobre qué llevar al nido pueden ser impulsadas por las necesidades nutricionales de su cultivo de hongos. Presentan evidencia en la revista Nature Ecology and Evolution donde muestran que los hongos se vuelven más dependientes de las hormigas para satisfacer necesidades nutricionales cada vez más específicas a medida que se desarrollan las asociaciones.

Cuando los peregrinos llegaron a América, aprendieron de los grupos indígenas a plantar maíz, utilizando peces muertos como fertilizante. Compare ese sistema con un enorme campo de maíz industrial donde se aplica fertilizante líquido. El campo de maíz moderno produce más maíz, pero también requiere el uso a escala industrial de nutrientes específicos.

“Esto es lo que vemos a medida que estas hormigas agrícolas evolucionaron”, comentó Jonathan Shik, ex becario postdoctoral en el laboratorio del científico Bill Wcislo en STRI y ahora profesor asistente en UCPH. “Las hormigas Atta desarrollaron enormes granjas agroindustriales. Tienen colonias gigantes con millones de trabajadoras. Pero tienen cerebros minúsculos y ningún cultivo detectable, por lo que la gran pregunta es “¿Cómo saben exactamente lo que necesita su cultivo?”

Los humanos domesticaron plantas silvestres por primera vez hace unos 10,000 años. Las hormigas attini son agricultoras con más experiencia: domesticaron hongos por primera vez hace casi 60 millones de años. Hoy en día, existe una sorprendente diversidad de prácticas agrícolas entre las más de 250 especies de este grupo de hormigas. Todas las etapas evolutivas de la domesticación de cultivos de hormigas se pueden encontrar en 20 metros cuadrados (aproximadamente 66 pies cuadrados) de hojarasca de bosque tropical en Panamá.

“Incluso las especies más primitivas de hormigas attini navegan en un entorno forestal complejo”, comentó Shik. “Pasan por muchos recursos para recoger una pequeña pieza de excremento de insectos que es exactamente lo que estaban buscando. Lo llevan de regreso al nido y lo usan para hacer crecer un hongo”.

“Eres lo que comes” señala la importancia de las opciones dietéticas y las compensaciones involucradas.

“Una de las cosas que impulsa la epidemia de obesidad humana es que tenemos una constante hambre por carbohidratos y no podemos controlarnos cuando estamos cerca de grasas y azúcares”, comentó Shik. “Pero una idea alternativa llamada ‘hipótesis del apalancamiento de proteínas’ es que los humanos tienen un objetivo de ingesta de proteínas, que es bastante alto ya que nuestros antepasados ​​evolucionaron comiendo muchas más proteínas de las que comemos hoy. Comemos carbohidratos en exceso porque estamos hambrientos de proteínas. Y solo dejamos de comer cuando obtenemos suficiente proteína. Mis hormigas también son muy sensibles a la cantidad de proteína que recolectan”.

Shik y sus colegas idearon experimentos para probar si la capacidad de las hormigas para enfocarse en las necesidades de sus cultivos cambió a medida que evolucionaron de la cría primitiva de hongos a la avanzada.

Primero, recolectaron colonias de atinos, aislaron los cultivares de hongos de estas colonias en placas de Petri y realizaron una serie de experimentos nutricionales. Tal como sospechaban, los hongos de los nidos de hormigas más co-evolucionadas tenían necesidades nutricionales más específicas.

Luego, Shik y sus asistentes probaron la idea de que las hormigas satisfacen las necesidades nutricionales del hongo. Pasaron un tiempo acampados en el suelo del bosque usando pinzas para robar los alimentos que diferentes especies de hormigas llevaban a sus nidos.

“Como joven investigador panameño, esta fue una experiencia increíble”, comentó el coautor Ernesto Gómez, “La cantidad de datos tomados sobre estas especies de hormigas mientras permanecíamos en el suelo del bosque durante más de 100 horas no tiene precedentes. Otra sorpresa fue la aparición de un cuerpo fructífero de hongos recolectado del nido de una hormiga primitiva que cultiva hongos que apareció después de que la placa de Petri se dejó en el laboratorio durante más de seis meses”.

Las hormigas son brillantes para detectar nutrientes basándose en los receptores del gusto en sus partes bucales. Como becario postdoctoral Marie Skłodowska Curie con el investigador asociado de STRI y el profesor Jacobus Boomsma de la UCPH en Dinamarca, Shik y sus colegas ofrecieron a las hormigas en colonias cautivas dietas sintéticas con varias mezclas de nutrientes. Cuando ofrecían una mezcla que tenía demasiada proteína y muy pocos carbohidratos, las hormigas se morían de hambre para evitar la recolección excesiva de proteínas. Las hormigas cortadoras de hojas son muy buenas para regular la ingesta de proteínas porque las proteínas a menudo son tóxicas para los hongos. Si las hormigas traen demasiada proteína al jardín, el hongo muere.

“Si se fuerza a alimentar a los hongos fuera de sus requisitos nutricionales, mueren”, comentó Shik. “Los agricultores humanos aprendieron exactamente cuál es el nicho nutricional fundamental del maíz y pueden enfocarse en esto usando fertilizantes específicos. Las hormigas parecen saber lo mismo y sobreviven satisfaciendo las necesidades nutricionales de sus cultivos de hongos”.

Las hormigas cortadoras de hojas pueden cosechar un poco más de proteínas que sus ancestros primitivos. Su cultivo de hongos es más resistente a los niveles de proteína fluctuantes. Eso puede permitirles ampliar sus granjas.

“Paralelamente a la evolución cultural humana, donde los agricultores y sus cultivos se han vuelto cada vez más co-dependientes, también lo han hecho las hormigas y su cultivo de hongos, destacando el hecho de que los sistemas agrícolas seleccionados naturalmente tienen el potencial de arrojar luz sobre los principios de sostenibilidad nutricional para una agricultura humana culturalmente evolucionada”, comentó Wcislo.

El Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, en ciudad de Panamá, Panamá, es una unidad de la Institución Smithsonian. El Instituto promueve la comprensión de la naturaleza tropical y su importancia para el bienestar de la humanidad, capacita estudiantes para llevar a cabo investigaciones en los trópicos, y fomenta la conservación mediante la concienciación pública sobre la belleza e importancia de los ecosistemas tropicales.

~ ~

Referencia: Shik, J.Z., Kooij, P.W., Donoso, D.A., et al. 2020. Nutritional niches reveal fundamental domestication tradeoffs in fungus-farming ants. Nature Ecology and Evolution doi:

Los autores de este estudio están afiliados a STRI, la Universidad de Copenhague, la Escuela Politécnica Nacional de Ecuador, la Universidad de St. John y el Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Barcelona.

 

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Dinero

The trouble with “natural” herd immunity

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infect
Under relaxed public health restrictions, deaths will spike far before herd immunity is achieved. Pixabay graphic.

Achieving COVID-19 herd immunity through infection
is dangerous, deadly and might not even work

by Steven Albert, University of Pittsburgh

White House advisers have made the case recently for a “natural” approach to herd immunity as a way to reduce the need for public health measures to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic while still keeping people safe. This idea is summed up in something called the Great Barrington Declaration, a proposal put out by the American Institute for Economic Research, a libertarian think tank.

The basic idea behind this proposal is to let low-risk people in the U.S. socialize and naturally become infected with the coronavirus, while vulnerable people would maintain social distancing and continue to shelter in place. Proponents of this strategy claim so-called “natural herd immunity” will emerge and minimize harm from SARS-CoV-2 while protecting the economy.

Another way to get to herd immunity is through mass vaccinations, as we have done with measles, smallpox and largely with polio.

A population has achieved herd immunity when a large enough percentage of individuals become immune to a disease. When this happens, infected people are no longer able to transmit the disease, and the epidemic will burn out.

As a professor of behavioral and community health sciences, I am acutely aware that mental, social and economic health are important for a person to thrive, and that public health measures such as social distancing have imposed severe restrictions on daily life. But based on all the research and science available, the leadership at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and I believe this infection-based approach would almost certainly fail.

Dropping social distancing and mask wearing, reopening restaurants and allowing large gatherings will result in overwhelmed hospital systems and skyrocketing mortality. Furthermore, according to recent research, this reckless approach is unlikely to even produce the herd immunity that’s the whole point of such a plan.

Vaccination, in comparison, offers a much safer and likely more effective approach.

When enough of a population is immune to a virus, the immune people protect the vulnerable. Graphic by the Genetic Literacy Project.

An uncertain path to herd immunity

Herd immunity is an effective way to limit a deadly epidemic, but it requires a huge number of people to be immune.

The proportion of the population required for herd immunity depends on how infectious a virus is. This is measured by the basic reproduction number, R0, how many people a single contagious person would infect in a susceptible population. For SARS-CoV-2, R0 is between 2 and 3.2. At that level of infectiousness, between 50% and 67% of the population would need to develop immunity through exposure or vaccination to contain the pandemic.

The Great Barrington Declaration suggests the United States should aim for this immune threshold through infection rather than vaccination.

To get to 60% immunity in the USA, about 198 million individuals would need to be infected, survive and develop resistance to the coronavirus. The demand on hospital care from infections would be overwhelming. And according to the WHO estimated infection fatality rate of 0.5%, that would mean nearly a million deaths if the country were to open up fully.

The Great Barrington Declaration hinges on the idea that you can effectively keep healthy, infected people away from those who are at higher risk. According to this plan, if only healthy people are exposed to the virus, then the United States could get to herd immunity and avoid mass deaths. This may sound reasonable, but in the real world with this particular virus, such a plan is simply not possible and ignores the risks to vulnerable people, young and old.

You can’t fully isolate high-risk populations

The Great Barrington Declaration calls for “allowing those who are at minimal risk of death to live their lives normally … while protecting those who are at highest risk.” Yet healthy people can get sick, and asymptomatic transmission, inadequate testing and difficulty isolating vulnerable people pose severe challenges to a neat separation based on risk.

First, the plan wrongly assumes that all healthy people can survive a coronavirus infection. Though at-risk groups do worse, young healthy people are also dying and facing long-term issues from the illness.

 
Some grocery stores have been giving older and at-risk shoppers time to shop away from other people, but knowing whether the store employees are infected is not easy. Wikimedia photo by Nicholas Romensky.

Second, not all high-risk people can self-isolate. In some areas, as much as 22% of the population have two or more chronic conditions that put them at higher risk for severe COVID-19. They might live with someone in the low-risk group and they still must shop, work and do the other activities necessary for life. High-risk individuals will come in contact with the low-risk group.

So can you simply guarantee that the low-risk people who interact with the high-risk group are uninfected? People who are infected but not showing symptoms may account for more than 30% of transmission. This asymptomatic spread is hard to detect.

Asymptomatic spread is compounded by shortcomings in the quality of testing. Currently available tests are fairly good, but do not reliably detect the coronavirus during the early phase of infection when viral concentrations can be low.

Accordingly, identifying infection in the low-risk population would be difficult. These people could go on to infect high-risk populations because it is impossible to prevent contact between them.

Sweden’s herd immunity failure

Without sharp isolation of these two populations, uncontrolled transmission in younger, healthier people risks significant illness and death across vulnerable populations. Both computer models and one real-world experiment back up these fears.

A recent UK modeling effort assessed a range of relaxed suppression strategies and showed that none achieved herd immunity while also keeping cases below hospital capacity. This study estimated a fourfold increase in mortality among older people if only older people practice social distancing and the remainder of the population does not.

But epidemiologists don’t have to rely on computer models alone. Sweden tried this approach to infection-based herd immunity. It did not go well. Sweden’s mortality rate is on par with Italy’s and substantially higher than its neighbors. Despite this risky approach, Sweden’s economy still suffered, and on top of that, nowhere near enough Swedes have been infected to get to herd immunity. As of August 2020, only about 7.1% of the country had contracted the virus, with the highest rate of 11.4% in Stockholm. This is far short of the estimated 50%-67% required to achieve herd immunity to the coronavirus.

 
Vaccines offer a safe pathway to immunity for both the healthy and the vulnerable.

Exposure versus vaccination

There is one final reason to doubt the efficacy of infection-based herd immunity: Contracting and recovering from the coronavirus might not even give immunity for very long. One CDC report suggests that “people appear to become susceptible to reinfection around 90 days after onset of infection.” The potentially short duration of immunity in some recovered patients would certainly throw a wrench in such a plan. When combined with the fact that the highest estimates for antibody prevalence suggest that less than 10% of the US population has been infected, it would be a long, dangerous and potentially impassable road to infection-based herd immunity.

But there is another way, one that has been done before: mass vaccination. Vaccine-induced herd immunity can end this pandemic the same way it has mostly ended measles, eradicated smallpox and nearly eradicated polio across the globe. Vaccines work.

Until mass SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, social distancing and use of face coverings, with comprehensive case finding, testing, tracing and isolation, are the safest approach. These tried-and-true public health measures will keep viral transmission low enough for people to work and attend school while managing smaller outbreaks as they arise. It isn’t a return to a totally normal life, but these approaches can balance social and economic needs with health. And then, once a vaccine is widely available, the country can move to herd immunity.The Conversation

Steven Albert, Professor and Chair of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Pittsburgh

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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Bernal, The constitution and the constituents in Chile and here

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Chileans celebrate the rescission of the dictatorship’s constitution by a more than three-to-one referendum margin. Anonymous photo circulated widely in social media.

The constitution and the constituents

by Miguel Antonio Bernal

The concept of constituent power is born from the idea of the people; it is a power that includes the people and only makes sense as an expression of popular will. It was created for the people, as the concept of sovereignty had been created for the king.

Sanchez Viamonte

Chilean citizens have exercised constituent power through their collective voluntary act of last Sunday, October 25. Finally, Chileans will be able to get rid of a constitution imposed by Pinochet’s military dictatorship. They will be able to originate a new legal order through a constituent assembly.

Thus, Chile provides an immediate example to Panamanians. We can take the hint and shed the lethargy. We can end the abuses that emanate from the constitution imposed by our country’s military dictatorship 48 years ago. The Chilean example also offers us the hope of a constituent process that leads to “the dawn of normality” since the constituent process, contrary to what is cheerfully affirmed, leads to order.

The legal order that arises from the exercise of full citizen participation through the different phases of the constituent process is the one that our political parties elude, avoid, obstruct by all means. It entails the beginning of the end of their monopoly of power and the corrupt practices and deceits that follow from it.

What is beginning to happen in Chile? After the overwhelming vote in favor of convening a constituent assembly, there will be the election of 155 constituents (with parity between men and women. There is also a mandate for indigenous representation. It is undoubtedly mortifying to those who in our sister country have exercised power behind the backs of its great majorities,

It may also convert their local kleptocrats, dynasts and faux populists into fugitives from the constituent process. They refuse to accept a fact that cannot be cloistered in existing legalisms. They can’t do without an imposed constitution that serves as a straitjacket to immobilize citizen power.

If “the Constitution is the door through which the Law enters the life of the State,” it should also be noted that “constitutionalization is a political process.” And a proper constitution is a guarantee against power. It is at this point that Chileans are giving us a great lesson by deciding on a Constitution that is not a guarantee for power like the current one, but a guarantee against the power of those who have have hijacked civic power for decades.

It is up to the men and women of our country to react – without a second thought – and to achieve our own true constituent process, one that aims to recognize and guarantee the dignity and democratic freedoms that belong to us and that are today being usurped.

We must repudiate collaboration with the party leaders and power brokers. We must reject the phony populist reformism advanced by this government and its satellites. It is up to us to fight for citizens’ power, not to be distracted by prefabricated dialogues and meaningless reforms that seek to varnish a militarist constitution that was imposed on us and, unfortunately, is still in force. Don’t let them get away with it! We want a referendum! We want a constituent assembly NOW!

 

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Kermit’s birds / Las aves de Kermit

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choip!
Black and White warbler ~ Reinita trepador (también Chipe trepador) ~ Mniotilta varia
Encontrado en Costa del Este, Panamá, © Kermit Nourse.

Reinita trepador / Black and White warbler

A migratory bird that visits us between late August and early April. Its mating and nesting season is in the eastern United States and it winters in a range from the southern USA to northern South America and the Antilles. These are usually found alone, but unlike other warblers in Panama, will sometimes flock with birds of other species. They are found in secondary forests and at the edges of older growth forests, most frequently at lower elevations. They are found on both sides of the isthmus and in the Perlas Archipelago.

Ave migratoria que nos visita entre finales de agosto y principios de abril. Su temporada de apareamiento y anidación es en el este de Estados Unidos y pasa el invierno en un rango desde el sur de Estados Unidos hasta el norte de Sudamérica y las Antillas. Por lo general, se encuentran solos, pero a diferencia de otras reinitas en Panamá, a veces se juntan con aves de otras especies. Se encuentran en bosques secundarios y en los bordes de bosques de crecimiento más antiguo, con mayor frecuencia en elevaciones más bajas. Se encuentran a ambos lados del istmo y en el Archipiélago de Perlas.

  

  

 

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Congreso General de la Cultura Guna, Resolución sobre mascarillas

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History: Pandemics’ social aftermaths

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bring out your dead
A 19th-century engraving depicts the Angel of Death descending on Rome during the Antonine plague. J.G. Levasseur/Wellcome Collection.

How three prior pandemics triggered massive societal shifts

by Andrew Latham, Macalester College

Before March of this year, few probably thought disease could be a significant driver of human history.

Not so anymore. People are beginning to understand that the little changes COVID-19 has already ushered in or accelerated – telemedicine, remote work, social distancing, the death of the handshake, online shopping, the virtual disappearance of cash and so on – have begun to change their way of life. They may not be sure whether these changes will outlive the pandemic. And they may be uncertain whether these changes are for good or ill.

Three previous plagues could yield some clues about the way COVID-19 might bend the arc of history. As I teach in my course “Plagues, Pandemics and Politics,” pandemics tend to shape human affairs in three ways.

First, they can profoundly alter a society’s fundamental worldview. Second, they can upend core economic structures. And, finally, they can sway power struggles among nations.

Sickness spurs the rise of the Christian West

The Antonine plague, and its twin, the Cyprian plague – both now widely thought to have been caused by a smallpox strain – ravaged the Roman Empire from A.D. 165 to 262. It’s been estimated that the combined pandemics’ mortality rate was anywhere from one-quarter to one-third of the empire’s population.

While staggering, the number of deaths tells only part of the story. This also triggered a profound transformation in the religious culture of the Roman Empire.

On the eve of the Antonine plague, the empire was pagan. The vast majority of the population worshipped multiple gods and spirits and believed that rivers, trees, fields and buildings each had their own spirit.

Christianity, a monotheistic religion that had little in common with paganism, had only 40,000 adherents, no more than 0.07% of the empire’s population.

Yet within a generation of the end of the Cyprian plague, Christianity had become the dominant religion in the empire.

How did these twin pandemics effect this profound religious transformation?

Rodney Stark, in his seminal work “The Rise of Christianity,” argues that these two pandemics made Christianity a much more attractive belief system.

While the disease was effectively incurable, rudimentary palliative care – the provision of food and water, for example – could spur recovery of those too weak to care for themselves. Motivated by Christian charity and an ethic of care for the sick – and enabled by the thick social and charitable networks around which the early church was organized – the empire’s Christian communities were willing and able to provide this sort of care.

Pagan Romans, on the other hand, opted instead either to flee outbreaks of the plague or to self-isolate in the hope of being spared infection.

This had two effects.

First, Christians survived the ravages of these plagues at higher rates than their pagan neighbors and developed higher levels of immunity more quickly. Seeing that many more of their Christian compatriots were surviving the plague – and attributing this either to divine favor or the benefits of the care being provided by Christians – many pagans were drawn to the Christian community and the belief system that underpinned it. At the same time, tending to sick pagans afforded Christians unprecedented opportunities to evangelize.

Second, Stark argues that, because these two plagues disproportionately affected young and pregnant women, the lower mortality rate among Christians translated into a higher birth rate.

The net effect of all this was that, in roughly the span of a century, an essentially pagan empire found itself well on its way to becoming a majority Christian one.

The plague of Justinian and the fall of Rome

The plague of Justinian, named after the Roman emperor who reigned from A.S. 527 to 565, arrived in the Roman Empire in A.D. 542 and didn’t disappear until A.D. 755. During its two centuries of recurrence, it killed an estimated 25% to 50% of the population – anywhere from 25 million to 100 million people.

This massive loss of lives crippled the economy, triggering a financial crisis that exhausted the state’s coffers and hobbled the empire’s once mighty military.

In the east, Rome’s principal geopolitical rival, Sassanid Persia, was also devastated by the plague and was therefore in no position to exploit the Roman Empire’s weakness. But the forces of the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate in Arabia – which had long been contained by the Romans and Sasanians – were largely unaffected by the plague. The reasons for this are not well understood, but they probably have to do with the caliphate’s relative isolation from major urban centers.

Caliph Abu Bakr didn’t let the opportunity go to waste. Seizing the moment, his forces swiftly conquered the entire Sasanian Empire while stripping the weakened Roman Empire of its territories in the Levant, the Caucasus, Egypt and North Africa.

Troops clash in a 14th-century illustration of the Battle of Yarmouk.Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate captured the Levant – a region of the Middle East – from the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 636. Wikimedia Commons

Pre-pandemic, the Mediterranean world had been relatively unified by commerce, politics, religion and culture. What emerged was a fractured trio of civilizations jockeying for power and influence: an Islamic one in the eastern and southern Mediterranean basin; a Greek one in the northeastern Mediterranean; and a European one between the western Mediterranean and the North Sea.

This last civilization – what we now call medieval Europe – was defined by a new, distinctive economic system.

Before the plague, the European economy had been based on slavery. After the plague, the significantly diminished supply of slaves forced landowners to begin granting plots to nominally “free” laborers – serfs who worked the lord’s fields and, in return, received military protection and certain legal rights from the lord.

The seeds of feudalism were planted.

The Black Death of the Middle Ages

The Black Death broke out in Europe in 1347 and subsequently killed between one-third and one-half of the total European population of 80 million people. But it killed more than people. By the time the pandemic had burned out by the early 1350s, a distinctly modern world emerged – one defined by free labor, technological innovation and a growing middle class.

Before the Yersinia pestis bacterium arrived in 1347, Western Europe was a feudal society that was overpopulated. Labor was cheap, serfs had little bargaining power, social mobility was stymied and there was little incentive to increase productivity.

But the loss of so much life shook up an ossified society.

Labor shortages gave peasants more bargaining power. In the agrarian economy, they also encouraged the widespread adoption of new and existing technologies – the iron plow, the three-field crop rotation system and fertilization with manure, all of which significantly increased productivity. Beyond the countryside, it resulted in the invention of time and labor-saving devices such as the printing press, water pumps for draining mines and gunpowder weapons.

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The Plague in Florence, 1348.

In turn, freedom from feudal obligations and a desire to move up the social ladder encouraged many peasants to move to towns and engage in crafts and trades. The more successful ones became wealthier and constituted a new middle class. They could now afford more of the luxury goods that could be obtained only from beyond Europe’s frontiers, and this stimulated both long-distance trade and the more efficient three-masted ships needed to engage in that trade.

The new middle class’s increasing wealth also stimulated patronage of the arts, science, literature and philosophy. The result was an explosion of cultural and intellectual creativity – what we now call the Renaissance.

Our present future

None of this is to argue that the still-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will have similarly earth-shattering outcomes. The mortality rate of COVID-19 is nothing like that of the plagues discussed above, and therefore the consequences may not be as seismic.

But there are some indications that they could be.

Will the bumbling efforts of the open societies of the West to come to grips with the virus shattering already-wavering faith in liberal democracy, creating a space for other ideologies to evolve and metastasize?

In a similar fashion, COVID-19 may be accelerating an already ongoing geopolitical shift in the balance of power between the United States and China. During the pandemic, China has taken the global lead in providing medical assistance to other countries as part of its “Health Silk Road” initiative. Some argue that the combination of America’s failure to lead and China’s relative success at picking up the slack may well be turbocharging China’s rise to a position of global leadership.

Finally, COVID-19 seems to be accelerating the unraveling of long-established patterns and practices of work, with repercussions that could affet the future of office towers, big cities and mass transit, to name just a few. The implications of this and related economic developments may prove as profoundly transformative as those triggered by the Black Death in 1347.

Ultimately, the longer-term consequences of this pandemic – like all previous pandemics – are simply unknowable to those who must endure them. But just as past plagues made the world we currently inhabit, so too will this plague likely remake the one populated by our grandchildren and great-grandchildren.The Conversation

 

Andrew Latham  is a Professor of Political Science, Macalester College

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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