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¿Wappin? It’s Friday! / ¡Es viernes!

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Billie Eilish
Billie Eilish, photo and editing by Alfred Marroquinñ.

Fridays come quickly when everybody’s on strike
Los viernes llegan rápido cuando todos están en huelga

Bob Marley – Music Lesson
https://youtu.be/LWnb_2lRaoo

Randy Rainbow – Clang, Clang, Clang Went Josh Hawley!
https://youtu.be/07II_EJlcYg

Chaka Khan – Woman Like Me
https://youtu.be/_vWYF9D1C4I

Cienfue – Our Own Devices
https://youtu.be/1BAOiRBE1Qs

Denise Gutiérrez & Zoé – Luna
https://youtu.be/Mf_ib_gxtqE

Eric Heatherly – Flowers on the Wall
https://youtu.be/M9f7uhZcbfQ

Playing For Change – Oye Como Va
https://youtu.be/NJZW8U9bbmM

Melanie & Miley Cyrus – Look What They’ve Done To My Song
https://youtu.be/LL4BHMSreF8

The Highwaymen – Mamas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up To Be Cowboys
https://youtu.be/-hDoF2onYlw

Florence + The Machine – Free
https://youtu.be/1Zh1uDf3Glo

Joss Stone – Karma
https://youtu.be/tAEOe5a4vy0

Manuel García & Mon Laferte – La Danza de las Libélulas
https://youtu.be/sJDG60HiGkw

Prince – Free
https://youtu.be/uHJFG4tmoeE

P!nk – Irrelevant
https://youtu.be/eHGuWDzQpcM

Billie Eilish – Acoustic show at Telekom Forum Bonn
https://youtu.be/bwbaZ9qCSAE

 

 

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Hightower, They prefer to run their games on those who are asleep

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HT
Florida’s governor and rising GOP star Ron DeSantis has made a favorite hobby of censoring speech and thought. Shutterstock photo.

The far right hates “woke” society
because they want one that’s asleep

by Jim Hightower

Although we haven’t even gotten through this year’s midterm congressional elections, it’s still not too early to start examining some of the characters who hope you’ll make them president in 2024.

I know, you don’t want to… but we must.

That’s because corporate elites have already chosen their favorites, and they intend to use massive sums of money, lies, more money, PR slickum, and even more money to slide their toady into the Oval Office — hoping you don’t discover until it’s too late that their chosen one really is a toad.

Take Ron DeSantis. The GOP’s far-right, power-hungry, narcissistic Florida governor promises to be the next Donald Trump — only more effective and not as nice.

His favorite gubernatorial hobby is the Orwellian practice of monitoring and censoring people’s speech and thoughts, culling out ideas he deems objectionable. “Don’t Say Gay” is his most infamous dictate to the state’s teachers, but he has also outlawed any teachings that might “denigrate the Founding Fathers.”

Nor will DeSantis tolerate the study of institutional racism in America. Indeed, he has even mandated that social studies textbooks (get this!) must not even include concepts of social justice.

DeSantis adamantly opposes what right-wingers call a “woke” society — he wants one that’s asleep.

Sound asleep. He recently rallied his right-wing cadre to ban some math textbooks. Yes, math! They screech that some real-life topics like wage disparities are being used to make math problems relevant to today’s students — so it was Fahrenheit 451 for those books.

Thus far, DeSantis’s censorship binge has nixed 42 math books for “incorporat[ing] prohibited topics.” Imagine what he could ban as president!

Did I mention that DeSantis is also forming his own gubernatorial paramilitary force — a state army that answers to him, which he can deploy in “emergencies”? What’s an emergency? He says he’ll decide.

We’ll need to decide, too.

 

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A book chapter in the The Streetwalkers of Panama

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Fulita

…took me more than a year to write this

Read this chapter from the book in progress, The Streetwalkers of Panama, here in PDF format.

Polo Ciudadano, Puntos de conversación sobre la lucha

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talks
Las conversaciones que los grupos empresariales aún no han podido incorporar y desarticular.

Una victoria indiscutible y en unidad del pueblo panameño

por Polo Ciudadano

• La gran explosión social del pueblo panameño, que salió masivamente a las calles a repudiar el alza indiscriminada de los precios de la comida y los combustibles, ocurrida durante la primera quincena de mes de julio de 2022, ha obtenido una victoriaindiscutible.

• La fuerza combinada del paro de educadores, que abarcó a todas las escuelas del país, junto con la combatividad de los pueblos originarios, en particular de la nación Ngäbe-Buglé, así como la participación decidida del movimiento obrero organizado y popular, han doblegado al gobierno neoliberal de Cortizo-PRD obligándolo a negociar con la totalidad del movimiento, sin divisionismo, y ante las cámaras de televisión nacional.

• “Sin luchas,no hay victorias”, dice la consigna, y una vez más se ha demostrado cierta. Una de las principales conquistas de esta lucha ha sido la rebaja (del 30%) y congelamiento de precios de una canasta básica de alimentos y bienes de primera necesidad compuesta por 72 productos, que superan ampliamente el popular “arroz con tuna”. Una canasta variada y saludable, que incluye proteínas y vegetales, y no solo carbohidratos, como pretendía el gobierno de Cortizo.

• La rebaja de la gasolinaen todas sus variantes hasta B/. 3.25 por galón es otra victoriaimportante que hay quereivindicar. Aunque la demanda original del movimiento era una reducción hasta B/. 3.00, lo conquistado hasta ahora es un ahorro significativo si lo comparamos con los B/. 3.95 que pretendía el presidente Cortizo. Se ha logrado que esta rebaja sea reconocida incluso para los motores de pescadores y maquinarias agrícolas con la sola presentación de la cédula del consumidor. Los transportistas y productores que se quejan de los bloqueos le deben esta conquista al movimiento sindical y popular,como a la población indígenaNgäbe-Buglê.

• A la fecha en que redactamos este comunicado se siguen avanzando acuerdossobre precios de medicamentos y el presupuesto para la educación pública, del que se exige cumplir con un presupuesto equivalente al 6% del PIB.

• El conjunto de todas estas medidas concretas, que implican un importante alivio para el sufrido bolsillo de las clases populares, son producto de esta lucha y no una dádiva del gobierno. Pero la victoria popular va más allá: el país entero ha empezado a comprender que el problema no está solo en el gobierno de turno y su corrupción, sino que el problema es el “modelo económico” del país, que está puesto al servicio de un puñado de monopolios que controlan la distribución de combustibles, alimentos y medicinas.

• Tanto en las calles, como en la mesa de diálogo televisada, el pueblo panameño ha empezado a caer en cuenta que las alzas de precio que le agobian son impuestas por capitalistas extranjeros y nacionales para cuyos intereses trabajan losgobiernos.

• La movilización y la mesa de diálogo han permitido avanzarla conciencia popular para comprender que incluso las conquistas alcanzadas son efímeras, son parciales, mientrassubsista el actual modelo económicocapitalista neoliberal. Que mientras manden los políticos y partidos al servicio de este sistema corrupto que permite el enriquecimiento de unos pocos a costa del hambre del pueblo, el congelamiento de la gasolina y la comida, en realidad se transforma en un “subsidioa los ricos”, que pagaremos las clases explotadasindirectamente con impuestos.

• Que la solución de fondo es limitar los márgenes de ganancia que sacan estas empresas,llámese importadoras y distribuidoras de gasolina, de alimentos o medicinas. Que los “intermediarios” y cadenas de supermercados son los responsables de imponer precios de quiebra a los productores agropecuarios y venderle caro a los consumidores. Que las importaciones desmedidas, y no los bloqueos de las organizaciones indígenas, son los que llevan a la quiebra a los productores. Que hay que acabar con los Tratados de Libre Comercio que solo benefician a los comerciantes. Que hay que hacer una reforma fiscal en que quienes más ganan paguen más, que se acaben las exoneraciones y la evasión fiscal.

• Poner sobre la mesa de diálogo esta discusión ha sido un acierto de los negociadores que representan a los y las indígenas de la Comarca Ngäbe Bugle, las dos “alianzas” populares por el impacto educativo que tiene ante la opinión pública. Pero, desde el movimiento popular y sindical también debemos comprender que, reconociendo las conquistas logradas en esta lucha, el fondo de la cuestión va más allá de la mesa de diálogo, pues el gobierno, apoyado en las quejas de los empresarios, que ahora exigen ser incluidos, no van a cambiar el “modelo”, porque no les interesa resolver la situación socioeconómica del pueblo panameño.

• Para cambiar el modelo económico antipopular, para cambiar el régimen político corrupto, para construir un país más justo, democrático, inclusivo e igualitario debemos organizar un movimiento político que aspire a ser gobierno. Un movimiento político que supere el divisionismo y el sectarismo, así como se ha logrado en la actual mesa de diálogo.

• Al gobierno como a los empresarios y empresarias, que se preocupan ahora por el “modelo” y que dicen querer “dialogar” sobre eso, les expresamos que la ocasión para hacerlo es en el marco del debate y la constitución de una ASAMBLEA CONSTITUYENTE ORIGINARIA, que debe convocarse cuanto antes, en el contexto del clamor popular por un mejor país.

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

To fend off hackers, organized trolls and other online vandalism, our website comments feature is switched off. Instead, come to our Facebook page to join in the discussion.

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Beluche, Behind Panama’s social explosion

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teachers
Noriega times meet the social media age? Last night Twitter disabled videos of the protests, soon after SERTV cut off live transmissions of the strike negotiations. Later the video of teachers marching in Panama Oeste was restored on Twitter.
To watch the video, now restored, go to https://twitter.com/gaalej1626/status/1552434407906099205

The structural causes of the social explosion

by Olmedo Beluche

In the last 20 years, Panama has shown macroeconomic figures that the neoliberals love, in particular a sustained growth of the GDP based on private accumulation as a result of the reversion of the canal to Panamanian sovereignty.

But the numbers that make neoliberals happy hide the reality that this country, before the pandemia (2018), was already considered by the World Bank as one of the most unequal in Latin America and the world. According to the ECLAC, as of 2018, twenty percent of the population was below the poverty line, and 10% below the extreme poverty line. All this spurred on by a precariousness of employment that has been going on for 40 years, in which informality exceeded forty percent.

All of which got worse in 2020, due to the economic effects of the pandemia. Private sector wage earners, as of 2019, were 873,750 people, of whom only 30% kept their jobs in the midst of the pandemia; 37% were fired; and 33% (284 thousand) went into a legal limbo called “suspended contracts”. A high percentage of which were reactivated, to be immediately laid off in 2021.

Under these circumstances we can understand the degree of discontent of the Panamanian population with the inflation of the fuel, food and medicines’ prices.

Despite the fact that in Panama inflation does not reach extraordinary figures (like in Venezuela or Argentina), and in June 2022 it reached 5.2% compared to the previous year, this increase in prices drives families to despair given the job and salary insecurity.

The Chamber of Commerce demands that the government contain public spending, along layoffs and austerity. The government of Laurentino Cortizo, without admitting the high degree of corruption that corrodes it, has accepted part of the business sector argument and has decided to contain spending with a 10% reduction in the state payroll, which could mean the dismissal of up to 27,000 employees, which would add to the already serious employment crisis.

On the contrary, popular organizations, such as Polo Ciudadano, and the most advanced unions, have pointed out that the central problem of the public administration and the lack of resources necessary to cover social spending lies in the high tax evasion to which is added the policy of exonerations that are made to the main areas of the economy. The problem is not subsidies to the poor but subsidies to the rich.

The economist Juan Jované has estimated that tax evasion in Panama, in the decade from 2009 to 2019, totals about 46 billion dollars. This process of unpunished evasion has been growing from an average of 3,000 million dollars per year to reach 6 billion in 2019, where it is estimated to remain.

Add to this the policy of tax exemptions and you see a paradise for big business and hell for the working classes. What’s more, the reduction in fuels that is being demanded will become a subsidy for the monopolies that control their importation and distribution, without any control over excessive profits.

The historical task is: the construction of a popular and anti-neoliberal alternative political project. That is why the underlying debate is between two national projects:

a. on the one hand, what is proposed by business associations and traditional parties, who only talk about corruption without modifying the social and economic structure of the country, but to impose an austerity that the working class will pay for;

b. on the other hand, what the popular movement proposes are measures that solve the underlying structural problem, starting with a progressive tax reform in which those who earn the most pay more taxes and that tax evasion is ended and penalized, to begin with. Changing the economic model requires changing the oligarchic and corrupt political regime through a new Constituent Assembly.

 

Olmedo Beluche is a Panamanian sociologist, professor in the University of Panamá and member of the political organization Polo Ciudadano.

 

 

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Oyen, The possible problem with Pelosi visiting Taiwan

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NP
Nancy Pelosi, photo from her Twitter feed. Either way it goes, China has made its views known.

Why the big fuss over Nancy Pelosi’s possible visit to Taiwan?

Meredith Oyen, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi hasn’t confirmed when – or even if – she is to visit Taiwan. Yet such is the sensitivity over the island’s status that reports of her possible trip have resulted in a warning by China of “serious consequences” and a suggestion by President Joe Biden that the visit was “not a good idea.” Amid the rhetoric and heightened tensions, Taiwan is conducting military drills.

The comments follow a report by the Financial Times that Pelosi planned to take a delegation to Taiwan in August. The outlet based its report on six people “familiar with the situation”; Pelosi’s spokesperson has said she could neither confirm not deny the reported trip.

As someone who has long studied the delicate US diplomatic dance over Taiwan, I understand why this reported trip has sparked reaction in both Washington and Beijing, given the current tensions in the region. It also marks the continuation of a process that has seen growing US political engagement with Taiwan – much to China’s annoyance.

Cutting diplomatic ties

The controversy over reports of Pelosi’s potential visit stems from the “one China” policy – the diplomatic stance under which the United States recognizes China and acknowledges Beijing’s position that Taiwan is part of China. The policy has governed US relations with Taiwan for the last 40-plus years.

In 1979, the United States abandoned its previous policy of recognizing the government of Taiwan as that of all of China, instead shifting recognition to the government on the mainland.

As part of this change, the USA cut off formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan, with the US embassy in Taiwan replaced by a nongovernmental entity called the American Institute in Taiwan.

The institute was a de facto embassy – though until 2002, Americans assigned to the institute would have to resign from US State Department to go there, only to be rehired once their term was over. And contact between the two governments was technically unofficial.

As the government in Taiwan pursued democracy – starting from the lifting of martial law in 1987 through the first fully democratic elections in 1996 – it shifted away from the assumption once held by governments in both China and Taiwan of eventual reunification with the mainland. The government in China, however, has never abandoned the idea of “one China” and rejects the legitimacy of Taiwanese self-government. That has made direct contact between Taiwan and US representatives contentious to Chinese officials.

Indeed, in 1995, when Lee Teng-hui, Taiwan’s first democratically elected president, touched down in Hawaii en route to Central America, he didn’t even set foot on the tarmac. The US State Department had already warned that the president would be refused an entry visa to the United States, but had allowed for a brief, low-level reception in the airport lounge during refueling. Apparently feeling snubbed, Lee refused to leave the airplane.

Previous political visits

Two years after this incident came a visit to Taiwan by then-House Speaker Newt Gingrich.

Similarly to the possible Pelosi visit, the one by Gingrich annoyed Beijing. But it was easier for the White House to distance itself from Gingrich – he was a Republican politician visiting Taiwan in his own capacity, and clearly not on behalf of then-President Bill Clinton.

Pelosi’s possible visit could be different, because she is a member of the same party as President Joe Biden, and China may assume she has Biden’s blessing, despite his comments to the contrary.

Asked on July 20 about his views on the potential Pelosi trip, Biden responded that the “military thinks it’s not a good idea right now.”

The comment echoes the White House’s earlier handling of a comment by Biden in which he suggested in May 2022 that the United States would intervene “militarily” should China invade Taiwan. Officials in the Biden administration rolled back the comment, which would have broken a long-standing policy of ambiguity over what the USA would do if China tried to take Taiwan by force.

Similarly with Pelosi, the White House is distancing itself from a position that suggests a shift in US-Taiwanese relations following a period in which the United States had already been trying to rethink how it interacts with Taiwan.

Shifting policy?

In 2018, Congress passed the bipartisan Taiwan Travel Act. This departed from previous policy in that it allowed bilateral official visits between the United States and Taiwan, although they are still considered to be subdiplomatic.

In the wake of that act, Donald Trump’s Health and Human Services secretary, Alex Azar, became the highest-ranking US official to visit Taiwan since 1979. Then in 2020, Keith Krach, undersecretary for economic growth, energy and the environment, visited Taiwan.

And in April 2022, a US congressional delegation visited Taiwan. Pelosi herself was reportedly due to visit the island that same month, but canceled after testing positive for COVID-19.

Each of these visits has provoked angry statements from Beijing.

A high-profile visit – even one without the public backing of the White House – would signal support to the island at a time when the invasion of Ukraine by Russia has raised questions over the international community’s commitment to protect smaller states from more powerful neighbors.

Meanwhile, the erosion of democracy in Hong Kong has undermined China’s commitment to the idea of “one nation, two systems.” The principle, which allowed Hong Kong to maintain its economic, political and social systems while returning to the mainland after the end of British rule, had been cited as a model for reunification with Taiwan. The Chinese Communist Party also plans to hold its 20th congress in the coming months, making the timing sensitive for a Taiwan visit from a high-profile US political figure such as Pelosi.The Conversation

Meredith Oyen is an Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

 

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Editorials, One set of fuel prices; and No wreckers in the peace talks

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pumps
They start by deciding who can get the subsidized business. Quite the opportunity for abuse.

One set of fuel prices for all

Double lines for two sets of prices for fuel coming out of one large underground tank. Slowdowns while gas station owners check, or go through the motions of checking, to see who qualifies for subsidies and who does not. Bad faith arguments to the sellers’ advantage against the customers.

Hasn’t that been so very predictable? Isn’t that akin to means testing in other places, wherein any money saved on excluding people who don’t qualify tends to be spent on hiring people to check?

Having one set of prices at the fuel pumps for those who qualify and those who don’t is a bureaucratic nightmare.

And will it be defended by the xenophobes slithering out from under their rocks, railing against the possibility that some gringo, some vene, some other, might get what’s intended for citizens only? First of all, these sorts of delays and shakedowns been observed from the passenger seats of buses, clearly Panamanian owned and operated, transporting overwhelmingly Panamanian working class clientele. It’s at the bottom line a structural nightmare, giving malicious people opportunities to inject their venom even if the policy isn’t based on that malice, giving one more angle for the hustlers among us to run their schemes even if the designers of the fuel subsidy policy didn’t act due to any personally corrupt motive.

There should be one price of 91 octane gasoline for everybody. There should be one price of 95 octane gasoline for everybody. There should be one price of diesel fuel for everybody. These prices should be based on what it costs for these fuels on the international market, plus the reasonable operating expenses and a guaranteed small profit margin for the gas station owners.

Panama might want to assert its sovereign neutrality by purchasing fuel from whom we can on the best terms we can, regardless of any US sanctions. We should not be paying for US vendettas against Venezuela or Iran, and be very discerning about any international sanctions we might want to honor. However, we should also recognize that such policies would be better if temporary, only pending a great Panamanian turn against the internal combustion engine.

Long term thinking? Everybody who lives here, regardless of status, should be treated as having a stake here, should be respected, should be expected to respect others in Panama. No first and second class human beings recognized as such, because in the long run that corrodes our social fabric.

Long term thinking? Looking forward to the day when we tell Venezuela that we are not burning derivatives of their viscous petroleum anymore – but we are interested in buying some of it as a raw material for Panamanian manufacturing industries to come.

Panama is stuck on a five-year cycle to all planning and public policy thinking. It’s a matter of survival and prosperity for us as a nation to get beyond this. The foolish bureaucratic procedures about fuel prices is but an indication that we have not gotten over the political problem.

 

2
Talk about talks. Who accomplished what is beside the point. Allow business lobbies and the Martinelistas into the talks and they will fail.

One set of talks to end the strike,
the wrecking crews excluded

The grinding economic problems, inflation perhaps being the last and worst of them but not at all the start, finally brought Panama to a boiling point. Different forces in society – educators, unions in various other sectors, hungry and stranded rural communities that are mainly but not only indigenous, small businesses of the formal and especially the informal sectors, professional organizations, public sector workers, would-be social reformers, people just tired of the crime wave and of seeing its manifestation on their blocks encouraged and incited by the sleaze at the tops of the political and private sectors – finally erupted in the way that such things play out in this country, with road-blocking protests.

That thugs intervened, looking for angles to exploit, might have been expected and we have seen a bit of that. We have seen political grandstanding. The protest movement, however, isn’t a bunch of maleantes nor is it malignant forces maneuvering for political position. The strike is real, about real causes, led by sincere people.

The president left the country for medical treatment and in his absence a cynical and inept vice president made the situation worse. The president came back and with assistance from the archbishop, called the protagonists in to talk, to find a way to end a situation that’s hurting the country.

Now, people whose arrogant behavior contributed so much to the rage complain that negotiations over the economic situation endanger their privileged positions, that a political solution that more or less restores social peace would obstruct their paths back to power, have formed an alliance that demands entry into the strike negotiations. These people are not sincere. We could cite a litany of litanies to demonstrate this, but all you need to do is estimate what these groups’ entry into the talks would do. It would derail and destroy the fragile peace process – as these groups intend.

The president met separately with business leaders – who have had his ear all along – to discuss concerns about some of the consequences of a settlement with organized labor and other parts of the protest movement. They convinced him to ask for their inclusion in the talks.

Big business has and has had too much influence over the Panamanian government, but their concerns should always be heard and taken into account when they raise valid points. They should not be allowed to come in and wreck the peace talks as one of their prominent members, Ricardo Martinelli, has disrupted the justice system here.

Settle this strike with those now talking, and talk to business interests in light of the settlement. And Martinelli? He belongs behind bars and he and his minions don’t belong at the peace talks.

 

3
René Magritte — Le faux miroir (The false mirror) (1935).

If the dream is a translation of waking life, waking life is also a translation of the dream.

René Magritte

Bear in mind…

The telling of jokes is an art of its own, and it always rises from some emotional threat. The best jokes are dangerous, and dangerous because they are in some way truthful.

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

Mix a little foolishness with your prudence; it’s good to be silly at the right moment.

Horace

We went down into the silent garden. Dawn is the time when nothing breathes, the hour of silence. Everything is transfixed, only the light moves.

Leonora Carrington

 

 

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Bernal, Rice and ground sardines

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diputados
Legislators get drunk and rowdy on expensive whiskey. From a widely disseminated video.

Rice with tuna

by Miguel Antonio Bernal V.

                   Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue.

La Rochefoucauld                   

It is still too early to draw the lessons that the protests and popular social mobilizations are leaving, throughout the country. What we cannot deny is that -in two weeks-, the different sectors of our population have had the participation, with actions that have even led to resignations, which they have not known since the 1989 invasion.

There will be no shortage of those who want to deny that a resounding and massive rejection has been given, not only to a negligent, incompetent and indolent government, but also to the sick structures that support so-called state organs, which are good for nothing. This is just the beginning of an accumulated discontent that has been expressed — without direction or organization, it is true — but with a lot of indignation.

Social protests have never been viewed favorably by those who hold power, here, there or everywhere. The history of humanity from all times bears a silent witness. In our case, we must not lose sight of the fact that the crisis is political, the crisis is of the system imposed half a century ago, with a militaristic constitution that has dragged us into a market society, where everything has its price rather than any consideration of value.

Generalized corruption dominates the scene even in the midst of the protests and their different expressions. From the president on down, many of those responsible for public administration have been offering themselves for sale to others willing to buy them. Those below, also permeated and suffocated by corruption, are wildly attempting a dress rehearsal to push the limits of what’s possible.

Those who insist on not wanting to understand or accept that the time has come for all the people for which our country is home, those who reject what is happening as a sign that we can no longer continue as we are — the only thing they can offer is more sweat and pain to hundreds of thousands of Panamanian men, women and families. They have shown time and again (as if it were necessary) that they do not have solutions to the demands of the mobilizations.

The egotistical and cynical lack of culture shown by rejecting the rice with “tuna” – tuna seca in local parlance, actually ground sardines — exposes the raw sensation of decline and barbarism, among the components of which is this crisis. Long live rice with tuna! Make them eat tuna seca with rice!

An elementary school lunch where government ministers and business executives don’t go.
This is the “economic model” that big business and its backers are defending.

 

 

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Research questions old beliefs about the body chemistry of depression

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meds
Graphic by TanyaJoy — Shutterstock.

Depression is probably not caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain – new study

by Joanna Moncrieff, UCL and Mark Horowitz, UCL

For three decades, people have been deluged with information suggesting that depression is caused by a “chemical imbalance” in the brain – namely an imbalance of a brain chemical called serotonin. However, our latest research review shows that the evidence does not support it.


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Although first proposed in the 1960s, the serotonin theory of depression started to be widely promoted by the pharmaceutical industry in the 1990s in association with its efforts to market a new range of antidepressants, known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs. The idea was also endorsed by official institutions such as the American Psychiatric Association, which still tells the public that “differences in certain chemicals in the brain may contribute to symptoms of depression”.

Countless doctors have repeated the message all over the world, in their private surgeries and in the media. People accepted what they were told. And many started taking antidepressants because they believed they had something wrong with their brain that required an antidepressant to put right. In the period of this marketing push, antidepressant use climbed dramatically, and they are now prescribed to one in six of the adult population in England, for example.

For a long time, certain academics, including some leading psychiatrists, have suggested that there is no satisfactory evidence to support the idea that depression is a result of abnormally low or inactive serotonin. Others continue to endorse the theory. Until now, however, there has been no comprehensive review of the research on serotonin and depression that could enable firm conclusions either way.

At first sight, the fact that SSRI-type antidepressants act on the serotonin system appears to support the serotonin theory of depression. SSRIs temporarily increase the availability of serotonin in the brain, but this does not necessarily imply that depression is caused by the opposite of this effect.

There are other explanations for antidepressants’ effects. In fact, drug trials show that antidepressants are barely distinguishable from a placebo (dummy pill) when it comes to treating depression. Also, antidepressants appear to have a generalised emotion-numbing effect which may influence people’s moods, although we do not know how this effect is produced or much about it.

Doctor writing a prescription
Around one in six people in England are prescribed antidepressants.
fizkes/Shutterstock

First comprehensive review

There has been extensive research on the serotonin system since the 1990s, but it has not been collected systematically before. We conducted an “umbrella” review that involved systematically identifying and collating existing overviews of the evidence from each of the main areas of research into serotonin and depression. Although there have been systematic reviews of individual areas in the past, none have combined the evidence from all the different areas taking this approach.

One area of research we included was research comparing levels of serotonin and its breakdown products in the blood or brain fluid. Overall, this research did not show a difference between people with depression and those without depression.

Another area of research has focused on serotonin receptors, which are proteins on the ends of the nerves that serotonin links up with and which can transmit or inhibit serotonin’s effects. Research on the most commonly investigated serotonin receptor suggested either no difference between people with depression and people without depression, or that serotonin activity was actually increased in people with depression – the opposite of the serotonin theory’s prediction.

Research on the serotonin “transporter”, that is the protein which helps to terminate the effect of serotonin (this is the protein that SSRIs act on), also suggested that, if anything, there was increased serotonin activity in people with depression. However, these findings may be explained by the fact that many participants in these studies had used or were currently using antidepressants.

We also looked at research that explored whether depression can be induced in volunteers by artificially lowering levels of serotonin. Two systematic reviews from 2006 and 2007 and a sample of the ten most recent studies (at the time the current research was conducted) found that lowering serotonin did not produce depression in hundreds of healthy volunteers. One of the reviews showed very weak evidence of an effect in a small subgroup of people with a family history of depression, but this only involved 75 participants.

Very large studies involving tens of thousands of patients looked at gene variation, including the gene that has the instructions for making the serotonin transporter. They found no difference in the frequency of varieties of this gene between people with depression and healthy controls.

Although a famous early study found a relationship between the serotonin transporter gene and stressful life events, larger, more comprehensive studies suggest no such relationship exists. Stressful life events in themselves, however, exerted a strong effect on people’s subsequent risk of developing depression.

Some of the studies in our overview that included people who were taking or had previously taken antidepressants showed evidence that antidepressants may actually lower the concentration or activity of serotonin.

Not supported by the evidence

The serotonin theory of depression has been one of the most influential and extensively researched biological theories of the origins of depression. Our study shows that this view is not supported by scientific evidence. It also calls into question the basis for the use of antidepressants.

Most antidepressants now in use are presumed to act via their effects on serotonin. Some also affect the brain chemical noradrenaline. But experts agree that the evidence for the involvement of noradrenaline in depression is weaker than that for serotonin.

There is no other accepted pharmacological mechanism for how antidepressants might affect depression. If antidepressants exert their effects as placebos, or by numbing emotions, then it is not clear that they do more good than harm.

Although viewing depression as a biological disorder may seem like it would reduce stigma, in fact, research has shown the opposite, and also that people who believe their own depression is due to a chemical imbalance are more pessimistic about their chances of recovery.

It is important that people know that the idea that depression results from a “chemical imbalance” is hypothetical. And we do not understand what temporarily elevating serotonin or other biochemical changes produced by antidepressants do to the brain. We conclude that it is impossible to say that taking SSRI antidepressants is worthwhile, or even completely safe.

If you’re taking antidepressants, it’s very important you don’t stop doing so without speaking to your doctor first. But people need all this information to make informed decisions about whether or not to take these drugs.The Conversation

Joanna Moncrieff, Senior Clinical Lecturer, Critical and Social Psychiatry, University College London UCL and Mark Horowitz, Clinical Research Fellow in Psychiatry, University College UCL

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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