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PRD: all is not static and titles can be laughable, but the in crowd consolidates

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Benicio
Leader of “La Resistencia?” More like Boss Hogg. But PERHAPS Benicio Robinson is leading the resistance of a patronage-seeking mob that’s demanding more from the president, who was also at the Hotel El Panama taking part in the PRD convention as a relatively low-key delegate. Photo from Benicio Robinson’s Twitter feed.

Legislators dominate PRD leadership races, except…

by Eric Jackson

Over the past weekend the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) elected the heads of its women’s front and youth organization, its top party officers and 10-member National Executive Committee. Writ large, Bocas del Toro deputy Benicio Robinson and his La Resistencia slate cemented their grip on the party by an overall 2-1 margin among the more than 4,000 delegates. Robinson himself won re-election by a 2,716 to 1,365 margin over the former health minister the pediatrician Dr. Rosario Turner.

Turner ran on a slate headed by former legislator Pedro Miguel González, who was running to keep his post as party secretary-general and on a platform of a return to supposed Torrijista ideals rather than transactional political patronage. González was defeated, with 1,876 votes as against 2,120 for former legislator Rubén De León.

Both Turner and González vow to stay with the PRD and fight on, and point to their areas of strength among both younger activists and those veteran members who are not on any politician’s payroll. The cycles of post-invasion presidential elections suggest that the PRD will not retain the presidency in the 2024 elections but even if that tradition holds the power of La Resistencia will largely depend on how badly the PRD gets defeated — or if they win — farther down the ticket. It’s two years out from the elections and the PRD national membership has seen a slight decline — something unusual — but then in Panama party memberships wax and wane with people flocking to the current ruling party in search of jobs, or, on the upper end of the economic scale, government contracts for their companies.

The roots and soul of the PRD?

We might get into ideology and mythology of just what “Torrijismo” is, given the hard opinions that were softened by pragmatism of the brilliant but alcoholic General Omar Torrijos Herrera. “Torrijismo” is arguably misnamed, an update at the time for the social reforming militarism of Guardia Nacional commander and later martyred elected president José Antonio Remón Cantera. He was assassinated before he accomplished that much and always had to deal with the debilitating squabbles of the grasping political caste in the legislature, but Remón most importantly saw eye-to-eye with an old soldier who had been stationed in Panama, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and began a process of more than a generation of negotiations that would end with the abolition of the Canal Zone enclave and the exit of formal US military bases from Panama. The Eisenhower – Remón Treaty was a modest beginning that ended some of the aspects of racial discrimination in the Canal Zone, limited Canal Zone commissary competition with Panamanian merchants and speeded the integration of the Canal Zone’s West Indian community into the Spanish-speaking Panamanian social mainstream. Remón also opened entry into the Guardia’s officer corps to men not of Panama’s “better families” — people like Omar Torrijos, the son of a Colombian school administrator in Veraguas, for example. 

Torrijos steered Panama into the non-aligned movement but never broke relations with the United States, with whom he was negotiating a new treaty to replace the one imposed by the USA via the Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla in 1903. He was for a more economically independent Panama, favoring things like import substitution agricultural policies and a neutrality that allowed Cuba to buy things embargoed by the United States via the Colon Free Zone. He broke up some of the politically connected local monopolies.

On the other hand, Torrijos offered many compromises to bring Panama together during the Panama Canal treaty negotiations. He passed a labor code that de jure legalized unions. He called off a bunch of old dibs that kept businesses from growing and thriving in the face of established powers. But his regime assassinated radical labor activists and protected established businesses that did not oppose the dictatorship from nationalization and the like. In the field of politics, he engineered a 1972 constitution that had as its cornerstone shares of political patronage for those politicians and parties that played along with the system.

So was Torrijos against political patronage? His legacy might in many ways compare to that of the fictional Boss Hogg. But the post-invasion political corruption that we see now and in recent years looks a lot like the sorts of politics that Torrijos personally hated.gonz

In any case, there is this idealized notion of what General Torrijos was and what he stood for, with activists like González and Turner laying claim to that. If we see a PRD in shambles after the 2024 elections, that ideal might become a powerful reorganizing tool.

Neofascism rejected, but not by all that much

On the Saturday before Sunday’s main event, the party elected the leaders of its youth and women’s organizations. The three main factions — Robinson’s Resistencia, González’s and a more or less executive branch group looking up to Vice President Gaby Carrizo and his 2024 presidential ambitions — met beforehand and reached agreements about these races.

The future face of the PRD? Hussein Bolívar Pittí, the head of Panama’s office to attend to the needs of refugees, was elected head of the PRD youth. He is said to be of Carrizo’s faction. Given this administration’s record, he’s a young man acquiring both administrative skills and human rights credentials, so we shall see where he goes in politics. His office, a part of the Ministry of Government, would likely involve contacts with US and Colombian officials, which would be off the record but real foreign policy experience if that is so.

In the contest for the presidency of the PRD Women’s Front, it is said that three men negotiated the result, but of course it was female PRD convention delegates who decided. National Land Administration Authority (ANATI) sub-director Arelys González ousted the incumbent, legislator Zulay Rodríguez, by a vote of 329-155. González is said to be of Robinson’s inner circle.

Zulay? Will she even stay with the PRD? She got trounced in the last PRD presidential primary by Nito Cortizo and has been photographed hanging out with Ricardo Martinelli a lot of late.

Zulay Rodríguez has made a reputation for herself for using her seat in the legislature to bait foreigners of all descriptions, gay men and lesbians and evil financial operators. It’s a standard fascist appeal and if you separate out the bots from the trolls in her occasional vitriolic Twitter campaigns, a lot of the trolls — actual people rather than fake personas — own up to being Donald Trump admirers.

Omar Torrijos could be repressive, but a Nazi he wasn’t. The guy he overthrew, Arnulfo Arias, was the one who was Hitler’s personal friend. 

Rodríguez was removed from the judicial bench at US insistence when she let some Colombian drug suspects whom the DEA had been chasing walk. Her prominence in the PRD is an impediment — maybe not the biggest at the moment — to good relations with the United States. Maybe if the US government turns sharply to the right, she can be Washington’s woman in Panama. I doubt that Biden and Blinken would ever like her very much.

In any case, the PRD has turned down that sort of demagoguery in favor of a more traditional sort of machine politics.

 

 

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The nazi gunman mentality goes mainstream

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asshole

Critics: Buffalo gunman a product of mainstreamed white nationalism

by Jon Queally — Common Dreams

Amid the outpouring of grief and heartache following Saturday’s massacre in Buffalo that left 10 people dead and three wounded, critical observers say the racial animus which evidence shows motivated the killer must be seen in the larger context of a white nationalist mindset that has increasingly broken into the mainstream of the right-wing political movement and Republican Party in recent years.

Taken into custody at the scene of the mass shooting at the Tops Market and identified as Payton Gendron, the white 18-year-old male charged with the murders of the victims live-streamed his attack online where he also posted a detailed, 180-page document that has been described by those who have reviewed it—including journalists and law enforcement—as a white nationalist manifesto rife with anti-Black racism, antisemitism, and conspiracy theories about “white replacement.”

According to local outlet News 4 in Buffalo:

The document, which News 4 has reviewed, plotted the attack in grotesque detail. The writer plotted his actions down to the minute, included diagrams of his path through the store and said he specifically targeted the Tops Markets location on Jefferson Avenue because its zip code has the highest percentage of Black people close enough to where he lives.

“This was pure evil,” said Erie County Sheriff John Garcia during a press conference on Saturday. The killings, he said, “was straight-up racially motivated hate crime from somebody outside of our community.”

A senior law enforcement official in Buffalo told NBC News that they were working to verify the document’s authenticity and confirm Gendron was behind it.

“We are aware of the manifesto allegedly written by the suspect and we’re working to definitively confirm that he is the author,” the official said.

NBC, which reviewed the document, reports:

The manifesto includes dozens of pages antisemitic and racist memes, repeatedly citing the racist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory frequently pushed by white supremacists, which falsely alleges white people are being “replaced” in America as part of an elaborate Jewish conspiracy theory. Other memes use tropes and discredited data to denigrate the intelligence of non-white people.

In the manifesto, Gendron claims that he was radicalized on 4chan while he was “bored” at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020.

The document also claims “critical race theory,” a recent right-wing talking point that has come to generally encompass teaching about race in school, is part of a Jewish plot, and a reason to justify mass killings of Jews.

The manifesto also includes repeated references to another mass shooter motivated by racial hate, Brenton Tarrant, who in 2019 live-streamed his vicious Islamophobic assault on a mosque in Christ Church, New Zealand where he murdered 51 people and wounded dozens of others.

With these and other facts established about Gendron’s apparent motivations and ideology, many of those horrified by Saturday’s killings responded by saying the brutal and deadly attack in Buffalo cannot—and should not—be separated from the growing embrace of this kind of violent far-right nationalism that has increasingly found a home inside more mainstream institutions in the USA, including right-wing media outlets like Fox News and a Republican Party enthralled by the xenophobia and fascist conspiracy theories of Donald Trump.

“We are horrified, heartbroken, and enraged at the news of the vicious attack on our neighbors and loved ones in Buffalo, New York,” said People’s Action, the progressive advocacy group, in a statement.

“This racist attack is a pure example of evil,” the group added. “It’s also the predictable result of the relentless onslaught of white nationalist and antisemitic conspiracy theories spewed from the far right, increasingly distributed by major corporate news outlets like Fox News and the extremist politicians their billionaire allies have cultivated.”

“In Christchurch, New Zealand and El Paso, Texas and Poway, California and now again in Buffalo, New York, a gunman motivated by a white nationalist conspiracy theory about invading immigrants shot and killed people of color,” said Sumayyah Waheed, senior policy council for Muslim Advocates, in a statement referencing a series of mass shootings carried out by white supremacists in recent years.

“Just like in Christchurch,” Waheed continued, “the alleged Buffalo shooter both posted a manifesto about the ‘great replacement’ conspiracy theory and also livestreamed his massacre on social media. Our hearts go out to the families of the victims and to the people of Buffalo.”

In a statement on Sunday, Kina Collins, a gun violence prevention advocate and Democratic congressional candidate running for Congress in the 7th District of Illinois, made similar arguments.

Calling the shooting a “devastating and sickening display of the racism, white supremacy, hate, and gun violence that plague this country,” Collins said, “Black people in Buffalo were targeted for no reason other than that they are Black.”

“This was an act of terrorism and it should be treated as such,” she added. “It is another reminder that white supremacy has and will always be America’s greatest threat. White supremacy has infiltrated our military and police departments. It was also on display on January 6th last year as insurrectionists, fueled by white supremacy, attacked our Capitol and threatened the lives of sitting members of Congress.”

Journalist Sam Sacks also made a connection between the Buffalo shooter and the “Big Lie” movement that drove the January 6 insurrection last year.

Waheed in his statement said “This hateful, white nationalist rhetoric is not just being spread by lone gunmen.”

Such rherotic, he said, “can also be found on cable news and in the rhetoric of politicians today. On his cable news show, Tucker Carlson said that ‘the Democratic Party is trying to replace the current electorate, the voters now casting ballots, with new people, more obedient voters from the Third World.’ In campaign ads, Donald Trump described Latino immigrants as an ‘invasion.’ In a speech, Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene called the election of Representatives Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib ‘an Islamic invasion of our government.'”

With Republicans and major media personalities “normalizing white nationalist, anti-immigrant, anti-Black, anti-Latino, antisemitic and anti-Muslim conspiracy theories,” and gunmen like the one in Buffalo carrying out such attacks, Waheed said it is now “clear that white nationalism is the greatest threat to our nation’s security and we must hold everyone who spreads this hate accountable before anyone else is harmed.”

 

 

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Beluche, Victoriano Lorenzo y sus motivos

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Lorenzo
Victoriano Lorenzo, “El Cholo Guerrillero.”

Las razones de Victoriano Lorenzo 

Por Olmedo Beluche

Entre 1821 y la década de 1850, el estado colombiano dictó innumerables leyes y decretos que reglamentaban la imposición de contribuciones. Muñoz Pinzón lista más de media docena de leyes expedidas sobre el tema de los impuestos que se aplicaron el Istmo, entre ellas: “el impuesto a la sed” (a los aguateros), al papel sellado, correos, sobre tonelaje de carga en barcos, registros documentales e hipotecarios, al comercio, a la actividad pecuaria (cinco centavos anuales por cada res y un peso por cada res consumida, 50 centavos por cada cerdo u oveja, ley de 17/10/1855), las salinas, “remate de paso” (por los ríos Santa María y La Villa),  etc.[i]  

 Las cuantiosas cargas fiscales del imperio colonial español ya habían sido motivo de descontento durante el siglo XVIII en muchos lugares de América convirtiéndose en un aliciente de los movimientos independentistas. En el período colonial el impuesto que principalmente pesaba sobre las personas era el diezmo, literalmente se pagaba el 10% de los ingresos anuales. Originalmente, al inicio de la Edad Media europea, fue un impuesto que cobraba la Iglesia católica, pero en el siglo XVIII pasó a ser administrado por funcionarios de la Corona. 

 Durante los primeros años de la Independencia lo siguieron cobrando funcionarios del Estado, que eran los mismos terratenientes[ii], aunque cabe preguntarse respecto a la eficacia de este cobro y qué porcentaje de la población realmente lo pagaba, especialmente en los campos. En un intento de modernización de las cargas fiscales fue sustituido el diezmo por dos son las contribuciones que pesaron más contra los campesinos: la contribución directa (1821) y la contribución personal de indígenas (1825).  

 La contribución directa consistía en el pago de 20 pesos anuales por persona, pagadero en efectivo o con trabajo (equivalente a 7 días por año), aplicable a los vecinos varones del municipio, con una lista confeccionada por las autoridades locales. El hecho de que, a mitad del siglo XIX, este impuesto constituía el principal ingreso de las administraciones provinciales se prestó para abusos por parte de los recaudadores locales, los regidores y los alcaldes quienes además tenían la potestad de imponer multas adicionales, que aumentaron el descontento, principalmente en la península de Azuero.

 El otro aspecto que contribuyó a la cruenta guerra civil que fue creciendo a lo largo del siglo XIX, que adquiriría una dimensión particular en la Guerra de los Mil Días en el campo panameño, fue el robo de tierras de los resguardos y  tierras particulares de indígenas por parte de los terratenientes, así como los abusos reiterados de las autoridades locales para imponer la contribución personal indígena, consistente en una serie de trabajos forzosos para beneficio municipal  o de los hacendados. 

 Mario Molina Castillo explica que: “Luego de la Independencia de Panamá de España en 1821, se mantuvo un sistema colonial en las tierras de producción de los pueblos indígenas como Bugaba, Boquerón, San Pablo, Dolega, Gualaca, a los que se llamaba “El Común”; terrenos cultivados de maíz y plátano por las comunidades reducidas, desde el siglo XVIII.”[iii] Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX empezó el sistemático proceso de desalojo de estas comunidades indígenas y de despojo de sus tierras comunes a manos de los terratenientes ganaderos, según Molina. Ese proceso que muy bien describe Molina para Chiriquí se repitió a lo largo del Istmo.

 Este otro tipo de abusos tuvo su región de conflicto en lo que se conoce como Coclé, cuyas dimensiones llegaban hasta Capira, hoy en la provincia de Panamá Oeste. Como ya hemos consignado anteriormente, Coclé, y particularmente Penonomé, constituyó la primera región en que tuvo relativo éxito el proceso de sometimiento de la población indígena y de aculturización, atrayéndolos a asentarse en poblados indígenas cercanos a poblados españoles para que fueran mano de obra disponible a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII. 

 Pero también hemos visto que la ida al “interior” de los criollos panameños, a lo largo del siglo XVIII, tuvo en Penonomé uno de sus lugares de asentamiento, desplazando a la población indígena o “chola” hacia la cordillera. Este proceso de desplazamiento y expropiación de tierras ejidales y particulares continuará a lo largo del siglo XIX y derivará en la guerra campesino indígena liderada por Victoriano Lorenzo.

 Antes de describir las pequeñas guerras campesinas que asolaron al sector agrario panameño, conviene tener presente que los conflictos de clase a lo largo de la centuria, a veces se presentaron directamente como luchas contra los impuestos y los abusos, como en Azuero en 1856; pero muchas veces se presentaron revestidos de un cariz político que lo encubría y del que algunos historiadores parecen no percatarse.

 Por ejemplo, el valioso estudio de Armando Muñoz Pinzón, que hemos citado, demuestra que el grave conflicto de 1854, mediado incluso por asesinatos, que aparentemente es una disputa por el control de la Gobernación de la recién creada provincia de Azuero, entre las familias Goytía y Guardia, en realidad esconde un conflicto clasista entre latifundistas y minifundistas. 

 El sociólogo Milciadez Pinzón, realiza una interesante síntesis de la variedad de interpretaciones que a lo largo del tiempo han tenido los conflictos agrarios de la década de 1850 en aquella región: 1. Empieza con Juan B. Sosa, quien sólo visualiza un conflicto entre familias; 2. Para Rubén Carles O., se trató de un conflicto entre liberales y conservadores; 3. Es Hernán Porras el primero en percibir un conflicto de clase entre terratenientes y minifundistas; 4. Según Milciades Pinzón el estudio de Armando Muñoz es un salto hacia la precisión pues incorpora el conflicto de clase en el sentido del descontento popular con los impuestos; 5. Finalmente, menciona la interpretación de Marco Gandásegui, para el cual el detonante de la crisis es la competencia por el mercado de la zona de tránsito entre formas de producción distintas Veraguas vs Azuero[iv].

 Lo que es más evidente hoy en día, es que las diversas guerras civiles entre liberales y conservadores, de las que hubo muchas en el siglo XIX panameño, en el campo expresaban un conflicto entre dos clases: los terratenientes y ganaderos  sostenedores del bando conservador, aliado a los conservadores del resto de Colombia de manera consecuente, identificado con las familias Fábrega, De la Guardia, Guardia; y el pequeño campesino precarista, siempre vinculado al bando liberal, identificado por líderes como los Goytía, Porras y Victoriano para los indígenas.

 Sin embargo, el problema se vuelve complejo desde el punto de vista del programa liberal hispanoamericano y colombiano del siglo XIX, porque como bien señala Jorge Conte-Porras[v], a partir de la década del 50 éstos intentaron traspolar ideales europeos sobre una realidad distinta en América, con lo cual los resultados fueron desastrosos o contrarios al objetivo. 

 Por ejemplo, el intento de copiar el modelo francés de reforma agraria (que eliminó el latifundio francés entregando parcelas a los pequeños campesinos) en nuestro continente significó expropiar tierras colectivas de Resguardos indígenas y ejidos municipales que, a la postre acabaron en manos de los latifundistas. Otro tanto sucedió con la expropiación de las enormes tierras de la Iglesia Católica que fue a parar a los terratenientes fortaleciéndolos. 

 En el plano de los impuestos, el ideal de la descentralización política y el federalismo los llevó a entregar su administración y cobro a los Cabildos y autoridades locales, lo cual fue contraproducente, y empeoró las injusticias contra los campesinos pobres. 

 Por eso, en términos generales el programa liberal fracasó en Colombia y el resto de Hispanoamérica, transformándose en un beneficio para los enemigos de la causa liberal. Ahora bien, estas contradicciones no impidieron que las demandas del campesino pobre, así como de los artesanos y pobres urbanos, encontraran siempre cobijo bajo la bandera liberal, y para nada bajo la de los conservadores, a quienes veían como enemigos de clase y políticos.  

Las principales figuras populares del siglo XIX panameño, todas fueron liberales: Pedro Goytía y después Demetrio Porras, representantes del minifundio de Azuero; Victoriano Lorenzo, representante de los indígenas, cholos y campesinos pobres de la cordillera coclesana; Buenaventura Correosos, representante del arrabal de Santa Ana en la ciudad de Panamá.

 Veamos la lista de los conflictos y guerras civiles que asolaron el campo panameño a lo largo del siglo XIX que hemos podido recabar: 

 1. Como antecedentes, en el siglo XVIII, están las incontables sublevaciones y resistencias del pueblo Kuna, en las dos vertientes del Darién, los cuales no pudieron ser “pacificados” a lo largo del período colonial; en ese mismo siglo, las varias revueltas de diversos pueblos indígenas de la región de Chiriquí y Veraguas, que abandonaban y saqueaban las reducciones en las que aparentemente habían sido “pacificados”,en 1783 en Bugaba, 1788 en Tolé, 1805 en Santa Fe[vi]   

 2. En el siglo XIX, la primera sublevación del campesinado azuerense es el “Grito de Independencia de La Villa de Los Santos”, del 10 de noviembre de 1821. Hecho que la historia oficial vincula a “sentimientos patrióticos”, pero cuyo móvil real e inmediato fue el descontento del campesinado pobre contra el avituallamiento forzoso del ejército español cada vez que marchaba a combatir a los independentistas en Sudamérica. El historiador Alfredo Castillero C. aporta nueva información que permite establecer que, en octubre de 1821, el capitán general Mourgeon impuso las últimas contribuciones forzosas de ganado y otros bienes de las cofradías, antes de partir con su ejército hacia Ecuador. El descontento campesino que esto produce da lugar a una proclama del natariego Francisco Gómez Miró seguida del pronunciamiento del Cabildo de Los Santos dirigido por Segundo Villamil, y es lo que explica que aquella región fuera la vanguardia en la independencia panameña[vii]. 

 3. En 1827, en Los Santos, se produce una sublevación de 300 campesinos contra el pago de impuestos, según recoge el general bolivariano O’Leary en sus Memorias, las cuales cita Armando Muñoz Pinzón[viii]. 

 4. En 1851 y 1852 se repiten disturbios en los departamentos de Herrera y Los Santos cuando la Cámara Provincial, mediante ley de 22 de abril de 1850, había sustituido el diezmo por la contribución directa[ix]. 

 5. En 1854, se produce el conflicto por el control de la gobernación de la provincia de Azuero (creada en 1850), que comprendía los departamentos de Herrera y Los Santos. Aparentemente se basó en un acuerdo político, el gobernador José A. Sáez (liberal), y el vicegobernador Agustín Chiari (conservador). Pero ante un cáncer terminal que padecía el gobernador, el bando liberal decide remover a Chiari para imponer a Pedro Goytía (liberal) para que dirija de hecho la gobernación.  Los conservadores, con el apoyo del gobernador de Veraguas, Fábrega, deciden oponerse a la maniobra, intentan asesinar a Pedro Goytía, y luego son heridos dos funcionarios conservadores. En julio de 1854 se produce una invasión de 90 hombres procedente de Veraguas, que toma Parita pero es derrotada en los márgenes del río La Villa por campesinos armados en número de 400. Durante varias semanas se teme una invasión azuerense hacia Veraguas, pero ésta no se produce. Goytía es separado del cargo y, finalmente, desde Bogotá, el presidente encargado José de Obaldía, por iniciativa el senador conservador panameño, Santiago de la Guardia, decretan la supresión de la provincia de Azuero, entregando Herrera a la jurisdicción de Veraguas, y Los santos a la de Panamá[x]. 

 6. En 1856, durante varios meses se suceden incidentes y rebeliones en los pueblos de la península de Azuero. La primera explosión popular sucede el 19 de enero, cuando una multitud de cien campesinos armados rodea la casa del prefecto de Pesé, José I. Rosa, para “que no se pagasen las contribuciones que estaban mandadas a cobrar; que solo estaban prontos a pagar diezmos y primicias...”[xi]. 

 El movimiento se extendió a la vecina Ocú y a Parita, lugar este último donde la comunidad emitió un “Pedimento del Pueblo” que, entre otras cosas dice: “…Que ciendo estos pueblos desgraciados de pobresa y ciendo tantas las contribuciones del Estado, muy ecsorbitantes i los indicados pueblos no resisten las referidas contribuciones,…, salvandose algunos individuos de regular fortuna de la contribucion del estado, que de estos salga la contribucion[xii] 

 El Pedimento del pueblo de Parita es claro, no sólo las contribuciones son elevadas para sus capacidades, sino que hay individuos pudientes que escapan a su pago por ser allegados a las autoridades. 

 El 27 de enero, en Pesé, el pueblo detuvo y golpeó a todas las autoridades locales y saqueó la casa del cura José María Franco el cual era terrateniente, activista político  y aliado de los Guardia y los Fábrega de Veraguas. La alarma cunde entre los latifundistas de Santiago, quienes llaman al vicegobernador del Estado Federal de Panamá, Francisco de Fábrega, para que se apersone con una fuerza represiva desde la ciudad de Panamá antes que el movimiento se extienda, pues provenían ecos de descontento de la región de Chiriquí y en la misma Veraguas, en San Francisco. 

 Fábrega llega con una numerosa tropa a Montijo el 4 de febrero y desde allí organiza una expedición punitiva que llega a Ocú y Pesé el 20 de febrero y a Los Santos el 22. Sin embargo, la actitud de los habitantes fue la de no confrontar al ejército del Estado, sino huir a los campos. Por ello, desde Los Santos el oficial Gil Colunje emite un informe en que se ufana de sofocar la rebelión “…sin disparar un fusil…”[xiii]. 

 Pese a que el historiador Armando Muñoz P., al inicio del capítulo que narra la sublevación de 1856 ha destacado que en los manifiestos de los campesinos no hay ninguna mención a bandos políticos, sino al tema de los impuestos, las autoridades conservadoras enseguida culparon de lo sucedido a Pedro Goytía y sus huestes, como bien remarca en el siguiente capítulo. Así que el conflicto sí queda teñido por la lucha liberal – conservadora sobre todo en los juicios posteriores que se siguieron y en los que Goytía pagó con prisión y destierro[xiv]. 

 Justamente, el 20 de marzo, estalla una nueva asonada en Los Santos por la detención y deportación de Pedro Goytía hacia la ciudad de Panamá. El 5 de abril 100, hombres armados rodean la casa del prefecto Villamil en Los Santos y se produce un tiroteo de 2 horas. El 27 de abril, es asesinado en el caminos entre Chitré y Los santos el agente fiscal José del C. Ríos. 

 El 25 de mayo, para tratar de calmar los ánimos el Cabildo de Los Santos emite un decreto reglamentando el cobro de la contribución directa de manera proporcional, desde 5 céntimos el menos pudiente hasta 3 pesos fuertes[xv]. Pese a ello, entre julio y agosto se produce una nueva revuelta en Pedasí, donde los campesinos se oponen a pagar impuestos.  

 Aunque el historiador presenta como un hecho disociado, nos parece que tiene relación directa con la revuelta campesina el asesinato del cura José María Franco en Macaracas, el día 9 de septiembre de 1856. Ese día, un grupo de campesinos dirigidos por Celedonio Castro se presentó a la iglesia donde esta oficiando el cura Franco, lo arrestó, lo condujo a la cárcel del pueblo, donde fue puesto en el cepo y luego asesinado a tiros. Las investigaciones presentaron el hecho como una venganza personal, por el cobro de una deuda, pero la historia personal del cura y que tuviera que huir al inicio de la sublevación relacionan su muerte con el descontento generalizado contra los latifundistas[xvi]. 

 7. En 1858, aunque el reglamento del Cabildo de Los Santos de mayo de 1856 parecía haber calmado los ánimos, Armando Muñoz P. reseña un tumulto de campesinos que atacan al alcalde y al tesorero por el tema de los impuestos en la zona de Macaracas[xvii]. 

 8. La crisis de 1860 a 1862, guerra liberal – conservadora de amplias repercusiones en Panamá que Jorge Conte-Porras aborda en mucho detalle, ya que el conflicto se extiende en el Istmo porque acá el gobierno conservador de Santiago de la Guardia procuró preservarse mientras los liberales asumían el poder en toda Colombia (Convenio de Colón)[xviii] 

 Lo interesante para el tema que nos ocupa es: 1. Que en la provincia de Coclé surge un liberalismo, encabezado por Isaacs Fernández Feo, que cuestiona el poder conservador de la familia latifundista de la región, lo De la Guardia; 2. Que José Joaquín Mosquera, presidente y cabeza del liberalismo colombiano, tuvo como eje de su gobierno el tema agrario, decretando el 20 de julio de 1861 la expropiación de los bienes de manos muertas en poder de la Iglesia y la devolución de las tierras de los Resguardos indígenas que habían sido apropiadas por los terratenientes ganaderos. 

 Derrotado el conservador Santiago de la Guardia y restaurado el gobierno liberal en el Istmo, empezaron las quejas de los terratenientes, como el propio José de Obaldía, denunciaba ser “despojado” de sus hatos ganaderos por los campesinos indígenas que se amparaban en las leyes dictadas por Mosquera. Es interesante hacer notar que en esta fase, hubo quejas hasta de los propios liberales terratenientes, como el mismísimo Pedro Goytía que, de líder de las masas desamparadas de Azuero, ahora se quejaba de las expropiaciones lanzadas por Mosquera[xix]. 

 Sin embargo, el poder liberal duró poco en el Estado de Panamá, ya que mediante una maniobra en el Cabildo se autoproclamó presidente el conservador Gil Colunje en 1865, ordenando acciones punitivas contra los liberales insurrectos en la zona de Coclé. De manera que, un año después, campesinos de Penonomé se quejaban mediante nota de los atropellos del Prefecto José Arjona. 

 Las medidas progresistas de Mosquera y los liberales finalizaron cuando Rafael Núñez, mediante una alianza de liberales moderados y conservadores, crea el movimiento de La Regeneración y, entre otras medidas, restituye a la Iglesia sus propiedades y prerrogativas.  

 9. Toda la década de 1890 está plagada de reclamos de las comunidades indígenas de Coclé contra los abusos de las autoridades especialmente en la imposición de trabajos forzados e ilegales. Conte-Porras cita una carta del obispo Fermín Jované (1890) que, prueba que está al tanto del problema, lo que no significa que haya hecho nada al respecto; un Memorial (30/1/1891) firmado por cien indígenas de Penonomé, entre ellos Victoriano Lorenzo, quejándose contra los abusos del regidor de Capira Pedro Hoyos obligándoles a pagar tributos a ese distrito cuando ellos vivían fuera de su jurisdicción; otra nota de los indígenas al obispo de Panamá sobre el mismo asunto; y otra de 1897 dirigida al Secretario de Gobierno de Colombia. 

 De manera que, cuando el 23 de julio de 1891, se suscita el conocido incidente en que el regidor de la Trinidad y El Cacao, Victoriano Lorenzo, mata en defensa propia al regidor de Capira Pedro Hoyos, estamos ante un hecho que parece aislado, pero que es un reflejo de una cadena de injusticias. Todos sabemos que Lorenzo purgó 9 años de cárcel sin que ninguna autoridad de las que estaba informada de la situación hiciera nada por defenderlo, igual que sucedería en 1903 cuando fue fusilado. 

 10. La cadena de hechos escritos abona el terreno para la explosión social que fue la Guerra de los Mil Días. De modo que, cuando esta estalla, el caudillo liberal azuerense, Belisario Porrras podía pensar: “¿Cómo no debían tener esos indios hambre de reparaciones? Son una raza de proscritos en la cordillera, a donde los arrincona cada día más la codicia torpe de la autoridad de nuestra tierra. Claro está que siendo ellos así, y nosotros descastados y filibusteros sin patria, había cierta similitud en nuestra común desgracia y bien podíamos hacerlos de nuestra propia mesnada[xx].

 No vamos a detenernos en cómo se desarrolló la guerra, pues no es nuestro tema. Baste clarificar aquí que, en un artículo[xxi] hemos desarrollado la tesis de que la Guerra de los Mil Días tuvo en el Istmo de Panamá, dos fases: la primera, sintonizada políticamente con las demandas del liberalismo colombiano contra el gobierno de La Regeneración, que llega hasta la derrota del Puente de Calidonia (24 de julio de 1900); la segunda, que empieza la guerra indígeno-campesina contra los terratenientes, cuando Victoriano Lorenzo es nombrado general por 500 pobladores indignados por la quema de El Cacao, la destrucción de los cultivos y la violación de las mujeres (20 de octubre de 1900).

 “Victoriano Lorenzo abre la campaña contra el Gobierno por el saqueo del caserío de El Cacao. No habla de liberalismo y conservatismo. Es la lucha de los campesinos recluidos en las montañas que sufren la carga de los impuestos (incluyendo los diezmos y primicias), la escasez de alimentos y los ultrajes de las autoridades y de arrogantes oficiales militares[xxii]

 Desde octubre de 1900 llevó la guerra a los terratenientes de Penonomé, cercando la ciudad y postrándola de hambre, sumando al campesinado de toda la región y aislando al gobierno conservador de la ciudad de Panamá del interior. Así se desarrolló la guerra hasta que, en noviembre de 1902, los liberales y conservadores de Panamá firmaron el Tratado del Wisconsin, por obligación impuesta por Estados Unidos para finiquitar las negociaciones sobre el canal, sin resolver ninguna de las demandas campesinas e indígenas.

 Norteamericanos, autoridades y civiles conservadores, y los mismos liberales moderados veían en Victoriano un peligro que podía echar por tierra sus aspiraciones a un acuerdo canalero. Por esa razón fue traicionado por los dirigentes liberales, detenido desde noviembre de 1902, enjuiciado sumariamente cuando la negociación canalera estaba en su apogeo y fusilado sin poder defenderse el 15 de mayo de 1903.  

Notas

[i] Ibid., Un estudio sobre historia social panameña. Las sublevaciones campesinas de Azuero en 1856.Págs. 25 – 42. 

[ii] Figueroa Navarro, Alfredo. Op. cit. Pág. 106. 

[iii] Molina Castillo, Mario. Chiriquí en sus fronteras de producción. Migraciones, poblamiento y evolución urbana e industrial 1750 – 1950. Impresos Modernos. Panamá, 2014. 

[iv] Pinzón O., Milciades. “Conservadores, liberales y campesinos en Panamá. Una interpretación de los movimientos campesinos azuerenses de 1856“. En Revista Panameña de Sociología No. 3. Imprenta Universitaria. Panamá, 1987. 

[v] Conte-Porras, Jorge. Meditaciones en torno a Victoriano Lorenzo. Impreandes, S.A. Santa fe de Bogotá, octubre de 1997. Págs. 158 – 159. 

[vi] Castillero Calvo, Alfredo. Conquista, Evangelización y Resistencia. Op. cit. 

[vii] Castillero Calvo, Alfredo. La independencia de 1821. Una nueva interpretación. En: Historia General de Panamá. Volumen II. El Siglo XIX. Comité Nacional del Centenario. Panamá, 2004. 

[viii] Muñoz P., Armando. Op. Cit. Pág. 43. 

[ix] Ibidem, Pág. 35. 

[x] Ibid., Págs. 1 – 24. 

[xi] Ibid. Págs. 43 – 44. 

[xii] Ibid. Págs. 49 – 50. 

[xiii] Ibid. Págs. 56 – 64. 

[xiv] Ibid. Págs. 65 – 90. 

[xv] Ibid. Pág. 85. 

[xvi] Ibid. Págs. 91 – 107. 

[xvii] Ibid. Pág. 89. 

[xviii] Conte-Porras, Jorge. Meditaciones en torno a Victoriano Lorenzo Op. cit. Págs. 157 – 209.  

[xix] Ibidem, Pág. 170. 

[xx] Ibid. Pág. 193. 

[xxi] Beluche, Olmedo. El Cholo Guerrillero. Victoriano Lorenzo en la historia política panameña. Editorial Portobelo. Panamá, 2010. 

[xxii] Vásquez Vásquez, Claudio. Mis memorias sobre el General Victoriano Lorenzo: relatos de viva voz del Tte. Col. Juan José Quirós Mendoza. 1900 – 1902. Segunda Edición. Imprenta ARTICSA. Panamá, 2003. Pág. 49. 

 

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¿Wappin? Para C3 / For C3

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an impression
An impression based on a small sliver of reality.
Una impresión basada en una pequeña porción de realidad.

The sounds before the fury — and the mercy — of the oppressed
Los sonidos ante la furia –y la piedad– de los oprimidos

Kafu Banton – Cuando Viene de Abajo
https://youtu.be/o6VGdIU8FfI

Tracy Chapman – Talking About a Revolution
https://youtu.be/Xv8FBjo1Y8I

Mad Professor – When Revolution Comes
https://youtu.be/qksAvG7jDD4

Rubén Blades, Carlos Santana & Fela Kuti – Muevete
https://youtu.be/xaxMsJItNS4

Bob Marley – Them Belly Full
https://youtu.be/TQ7pL0JYz9k

Carlos Vives & Fito Paez – Babel
https://youtu.be/Ci77ftrvVWI

Aisha Davis – Trouble
https://youtu.be/fiq1ZF5whbE

Los Hermanos Duncan – No Puedo Vivir del Amor
https://youtu.be/EvpdYhB5dQs

Four Tops – Are You Man Enough?
https://youtu.be/KDXCBN-nHXo

Desmond Dekker – 007
https://youtu.be/kpVxwWQjIy0

Carlos Martínez – El Presidiario
https://youtu.be/gkAdQF42em8

Peter Tosh – Burial
https://youtu.be/eirblXMl30s

Mavis Staples – Eyes On The Prize
https://youtu.be/0ZWdDI_fkns

Chaka Khan – Through the Fire
https://youtu.be/TjWmw-8-OEk

Joshue Ashby & C3 Project – Colón Surgirá
https://youtu.be/u4t_uOzc-84

 

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CoNEP, Colón

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captains of industry, or what passes
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Rogers, Stop piling burdens on young people

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dumpster fire
A literal dumpster fire. Shutterstock photo.

Politicians: Stop passing the buck to young people

by Tracey L. RogersOtherWords

It’s graduation season, which is usually joyful. But many graduates aren’t in a celebratory mood this year — a lesson Vice President Kamala Harris recently learned the hard way.

I look at this unsettled world,” Harris tweeted to 2022 graduates, “and I see the challenges. But I also see the opportunities. Opportunities for your leadership. The future of our country and our world will be shaped by you.”

It was one of many tweets that Harris addressed to students around the country. But while well-meaning, the vice president’s words struck many as tone-deaf. Each tweet was met with some backlash.

Thank you,” replied one user. “It would be an even better future with student debt forgiveness.”

One frustrated tweeter wrote, “Now if only the politicians we supported will find it in themselves to fight for us.”

recent NPR poll found that support for the Biden administration among Gen Z and Millennials was at just 37 percent — its lowest approval rating of any age group. Combined, these two groups make up the largest voting bloc in American history.  They were key to Biden and Harris’s victory, but now they feel let down.

Racial injustice, economic insecurities, climate change, student loan relief, and now abortion rights top the list of issues younger generations want to see addressed. Unfortunately, these are all issues where Democrats in Congress and the White House have allowed themselves to be thwarted by both Republicans and conservatives in their own party.

Despite our disappointment, presidents and politicians keep sending the message that young people will pave the way for a better future. When they fail, they place their bets — and burdens — on us.

Hope for us isn’t misplaced. Young people are more engaged in politics today than at almost any point in history. According to Pew Research, we’re also more educated than previous generations, more tech savvy, and more vocal on important issues.

But our ambitions will prove futile if the older adults in the room — especially elected officials — fail to do their part now to confront the challenges they’re passing down to us.

The Washington Post has called millennials the “unluckiest generation in US history.” We’ve come of age between two major recessions, a pandemic, and skyrocketing prices for housing and higher education. And as more states pass voter suppression laws, we’re more likely to report facing barriers to voting.

As Anne Helen Petersen wrote in BuzzFeed, “the challenges we face aren’t fleeting, but systemic.” We’re doing our part to change this system. We need the people in power today to do the same.

For example, with the anticipated overturn of Roe v. Wade, Congress could codify abortion rights into law and pass Supreme Court reforms to avoid jeopardizing the future of other civil rights — like same-sex and interracial marriage, contraception, and voting rights.

Lawmakers could also reallocate money from the nation’s lopsided military budget to invest in health, affordable housing, and other pressing domestic needs that are fast becoming unaffordable.

In many ways, today’s political divide is arguably more about young vs. old than Democrat vs. Republican. As a voting millennial doing my part to be the change I wish to see in the world, I often feel overwhelmed — and helpless — about what my generation calls the “dumpster fires” surrounding us.

The challenges — and opinion polls — are clear. If my peers and I are the hope for this country’s future, we need more action and accountability today — and less buck passing.

Tracey L. Rogers is an entrepreneur and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion consultant in Philadelphia. This op-ed was distributed by OtherWords.org.

 

 

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Polo Ciudadano, What to do about Panama’s next elections?

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Victoriano Lorenzo
The manipulation of divisions among the progressive forces was the death of Liberal guerrilla general Victoriano Lorenzo and has dogged those who look fondly upon his legacy all throughout the history of the Republic of Panama.

The challenges of the 2024 elections
for the Panamanian popular movement

by Polo Ciudadano

A new electoral process is precipitated in the Republic of Panama, with more peremptory times in a rather undemocratic Electoral Code. The reforms imposed by the National Assembly through Law 247, of October 22, 2021, establish in its article 330, that the Electoral Tribunal will open the electoral process on June 1, 2022 – two years before the elections — for candidates by free candidacy, and February 1, 2023 for political parties (“of the previous year”).

Those who aspire to a position of popular election (president, legislator, representante or mayor) by free candidacy must register with an application between June 1 and July 31, 2022 (art. 360). Any political party that aspires to run, must be registered by February 1, 2023, obviously complying with having collected 2% of adherents with respect to the voters of the year 2019.

Understanding that under an undemocratic and corrupt political regime, such as the Panamanian one, controlled by the bourgeoisie and its parties through political patronage practices, the participation of the popular movement and the left is a tactical matter. That is, the modality of participation is something that must be decided according to the circumstances: registration of parties, free candidacy, null or blank vote, abstention, etc.

In the last two electoral processes, 2014 and 2019, on the basis that it is always preferable to nominate one’s own candidates as a privileged tactic, two were used: free candidacy (misnamed “independents”) and the registration of a party (the FAD).

On this occasion, as the times are shortened, the Panamanian popular movement has a dilemma: register candidacies of free candidacy, which forces decisions to be made in less than a month, or bet on the registration of the FAD that has half a year to register. On the contrary, not registering one’s own candidacies, by either of the two methods, would lead to a regression to situations prior to 2009 (blank vote or for “Victoriano Lorenzo”).

A sector of middle class, supported by a part of the bourgeoisie and its media, headed by Deputy Juan Diego Vásquez, has organized a “coalition” of independent candidacies under his leadership (which does not include a presidential candidacy), which is clearly financed by sectors linked to the economic power to which he responds, but who hide under the garb of “independence.”

Polo Ciudadano believes that the coalition of Deputy Vásquez is part of the electoral menu of the Panamanian bourgeoisie. It is a candidacy of the system that focuses its denunciation only on the issue of corruption, but does not question the neoliberal model.

Polo Ciudadano proposes the establishment of a popular coalition, with an anti-neoliberal, popular and program that’s independentof the bourgeoisie. A coalition that, with unity, will be able to overcome the anti-democratic obstacles of the Electoral Code by eliminating the dispersion in which we find ourselves. On that unitary basis, we can decide what kind of electoral tactic we will unite to support.

 

 

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Manchin sides with Republicans against women’s rights

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Manchin
Joe Manchin mansplains. Photo by Ralph Alswang.

Manchin a ‘No’ on protecting abortion rights from GOP assault

by Kenny Stancil — Common Dreams

Right-wing Democratic Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia confirmed that he is opposed to the Women’s Health Protection Act just hours before a planned Wednesday vote on the legislation, spoiling his party’s attempt to codify abortion rights into federal law before the US Supreme Court’s right-wing majority has a chance to overturn Roe v. Wade.

“This is unacceptable,” the hosts of a progressive podcast focused on Appalachia tweeted in response.

According to CNN chief congressional correspondent Manu Raju, Manchin endorsed “a codification of Roe” but said the Women’s Health Protection Act (WHPA) “is too broad” and “goes too far.”

Manchin previously helped kill the House-passed bill—which would enshrine patients’ right to receive legal and safe abortions and healthcare professionals’ right to provide them—in February, joining all Senate Republicans present to block the measure before it even reached the floor.

Last week’s publication of Justice Samuel Alito’s leaked draft opinion revealed that the high court’s right-wing majority is set to strike down Roe. If this ruling is finalized, abortion could soon be outlawed in more than half of the country, and Republican lawmakers have signaled their intention to pursue a federal six-week ban if they retake Congress and the White House.

Despite this imminent threat to bodily autonomy, Manchin doubled down on his defense of the filibuster less than 24 hours after Alito’s draft ruling was made public. The West Virginia Democrat characterized the anti-democratic rule that requires 60 votes to advance most legislation—therefore giving veto power to the minority party in a closely divided upper chamber—as “the only protection we have in democracy.”

After they helped prevent debate on the WHPA in February, Republican senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Lisa Murkowski (Alaska) unveiled the Reproductive Choice Act, an opposing bill that would codify Roe while permitting states to restrict abortions after fetal viability.

Even if Manchin were to support their watered-down alternative or write his own bill, such legislation would also fall victim to the filibuster unless it garners 60 votes—a virtual impossibility given the Republican Party’s growing attacks on reproductive freedom.

As Jordan Zakarin from More Perfect Union pointed out on social media, Manchin made the same empty promise about voting rights, and no federal legislation to counteract the GOP’s nationwide assault on ballot access has materialized.

When he teed up Wednesday’s vote on a modified version of the WHPA, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) failed to mention filibuster reform.

Eliminating or weakening the 60-vote rule would require the support of the entire Senate Democratic Caucus—including Manchin and fellow conservative Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona—and Vice President Kamala Harris. It remains a necessary prerequisite to passing the WHPA and a host of other languishing bills already approved by House Democrats.

House lawmakers from the Progressive, Pro-Choice, and Democratic Women’s caucuses plan to march to the Senate chamber ahead of Wednesday’s vote on the WHPA.

 

 

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Editorials: Bad situation; and Answer culture wars with talk of people’s needs

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Colon passport office closedd
Government offices are not functioning in Colon. But hey, Bolota Salazar just got promoted within the PRD to provincial leader! So everything must be OK, right?

Panama gets dangerously unstable

With a disorderly Monday giving way to a general strike Tuesday, what are Colon’s business leaders saying? Not so much rants against militants seeking to sow disorder for its own sake, nor against greedy unions and community organizations making impossible demands. They’re pointing out that the PRD government made promises that it’s not keeping, perhaps never had any intention to keep.

Meanwhile on Monday, truckers were blocking the main border crossing to Costa Rica at Paso Canoas. All along the other border, with Colombia, the right-wing militia wing of the Clan del Golfo drug cartel had paralyzed all movement and economic activity with an “armed strike” – and that organization also operates in Panama and has fifth columnists in our police, courts, prosecutors office and political caste of both ruling and opposition parties.

The prices at the grocery stores are way up, fuel costs are making our bus and taxi services unsustainable in their current fare structures and many public employees have not been paid on time.

Is there some hero waiting in the wings to save us? Ricardo Martinelli wants to wear that mantle and polls suggest that he might were the election held today. But with less than one-third of the vote, and with the growing realization that Russia’s fate today would be Panama’s fate under a new Martinelli regime – international sanctions and arrest warrants that would aggravate an already terrible economy. Maybe we shouldn’t go across the planet for an example, but back in time – a Martinelli comeback would give us a repeat of Noriega times.

There are glimmers of hope, reflected off of fool’s gold. A deputy will go for the international glamour by engagement to a royal from an African country with no monarchy. The books disappear from our flagship public high school’s library and the principal says she was on suspension when it happened, doesn’t know anything about it and can’t or won’t find out. Ever more insane public works projects keep popping up for the benefit of the same sand mining companies and holy men rant against the queers but neglect to mention that the politicians with whom they align propose to do what the Bible says not to do – build on the sand.

It can’t go on like this. The paradigm might snap in an instant. These are dangerous times for Panama, notwithstanding all the real estate, offshore investment and Bitcoin hype. Nothing ever changes here? Expect the unexpected, and it may not be pretty.

 

2
Los Angeles marches against white supremacy and xenophobia. Photo by Ted Eytan.

Don’t run away from cultural wars, but
speak honestly about money and politics

We keep hearing from the forever corporate lobbyist politics wonks that Democrats have a “messaging problem.” That’s actually true, but both the content of what most of them want and the way it gets presented is a problem that this generation of Democrats don’t need. We have had a pandemic, the people they represent have taken their profits and the Democratic voter base, especially the younger adults that need to turn out in force for Democrats to win, can’t relate.

Tell young voters that they should vote for Democrats because the stock market does better under Democratic administrations and except for a very few – who mostly vote Republican – you might as well say to vote for the party whose candidates speak better Urdu. Throw the party, its leaders and its symbols behind a growing labor organizing drive and you speak to the needs, aspirations and pride of most young voters.

Tell US voters who live abroad that what’s really needed is a new tax break for the richest among them, and the richest among them will cheer – and vote for the Republicans. Admit to Americans living abroad that our consular services have been gutted and those that remain are generally more expensive, and advocate the dedication of resources to improve that, and you speak to the needs of overseas voters.

As the wildly popular with the Democratic base Jen Psaki takes her leave as White House press secretary and veteran journalist Karine Jean-Pierre steps up to the podium, shouting from the rooftops that she’s black and a lesbian will have marginal appeal to African-Americans and the LGBT communities. Omitting that she’s an immigrant from Martinique delivers the message that some identities are “in” and others are not, and that the spin doctors are betting that Americans have no idea what Martinique is and wouldn’t care to look it up. What Democrats want to see is a press secretary who does battle with the forces of more money than brains as well as Psaki did, or better yet, better.

The Republicans have bet on racism, hatred of anyone who is different and an across-the-board rollback of civil rights this year. At first glance, this is insane. But if two-thirds of Americans are appalled by their intention to repeal abortion rights, US political math is not based on a national majority-rule referendum. It’s a series of state battles in which small, backwoods places hold inordinate power in the Senate and in the Electoral College. But the Supreme Court was working on a post-election surprise, and when it leaked out Republicans in the courts and at large said many impolitic things. They want to ban birth control, too. They want to sweep away all notion that homosexuals have any rights. They want transsexuals, their doctors and their parents to die in prison. On top of that all their paranoiac QAnon ravings and “out” white supremacy. That’s their “anti-woke” banner and Democrats should smash into it head-on.

But that’s THEM, as in what we are against. They want to phase out Social Security and Medicare? We’re for protecting Social Security, and for improved, affordable and universal health care. They’re for protecting the profits and predations of the fossil fuel industries? We’re for moving past the coal and oil age into something cleaner and more sustainable. They’re for protecting the very rich from taxation? We’re for a fairer sharing of the burden. They’re for corporate power? We’re for labor unions. They’re for making it harder to vote? We’re for making it easier.

The Republicans have found some Democrats who support their side on these questions? Democrats need to rout them in the primaries.

It’s not the package, it’s the product.

 

European Peoples Party Helsinki photo.

Always be more than you appear and never appear to be more than you are.

Angela Merkel

Bear in mind…

 

The world is like a mask dancing. If you want to see it well, you do not stand in one place.

Chinua Achebe

 

I think everything about us as individuals affects the work we do. Ethnicity is part of who I am, and it contributes to my awareness and perspective. I don’t subscribe to the notion I was taught in school, that a journalist can be “objective.” I think it’s a myth that anyone can see any story without bringing their own view into the picture. What I think is critical is that we be aware of our own subjective judgment and that we be fair.

Joie Chen

 

Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself.

Robert Frost

 

 

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Electric eel: nature’s model for battery technology

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Electric eels inspired the first battery two centuries ago
and now point a way to future battery technologies

by Timothy J. Jorgensen, Georgetown University

As the world’s need for large amounts of portable energy grows at an ever-increasing pace, many innovators have sought to replace current battery technology with something better.

Italian physicist Alessandro Volta tapped into fundamental electrochemical principles when he invented the first battery in 1800. Essentially, the physical joining of two different materials, usually metals, generates a chemical reaction that results in the flow of electrons from one material to the other. That stream of electrons represents portable energy that can be harnessed to generate power.

The first materials people employed to make batteries were copper and zinc. Today’s best batteries – those that produce the highest electrical output in the smallest possible size – pair the metal lithium with one of several different metallic compounds. There have been steady improvements over the centuries, but modern batteries rely on the same strategy as that of Volta: pair together materials that can generate an electrochemical reaction and snatch the electrons that are produced.

Drawing of three electric fish speciesAn 1885 lithograph illustrates several species of electric fish. ZU_09/DigitalVision Vectors via Getty Images

But as I describe in my book “Spark: The Life of Electricity and the Electricity of Life,” even before humanmade batteries started generating electric current, electric fishes, such as the saltwater torpedo fish (Torpedo torpedo) of the Mediterranean and especially the various freshwater electric eel species of South America (order Gymnotiformes) were well known to produce electrical outputs of stunning proportions. In fact, electric fishes inspired Volta to conduct the original research that ultimately led to his battery, and today’s battery scientists still look to these electrifying animals for ideas.

Copying the eel’s electric organ

Prior to Volta’s battery, the only way for people to generate electricity was to rub various materials together, typically silk on glass, and to capture the resulting static electricity. This was neither an easy nor practical way to generate useful electrical power.

Volta knew electric fishes had an internal organ specifically devoted to generating electricity. He reasoned that if he could mimic its workings, he might be able to find a novel way to generate electricity.

line drawing of 19th century man next to scientific apparatus
Illustration of Alessandro Volta next to his battery stack. PHOTOS.com via Getty Images Plus

The electric organ of a fish is composed of long stacks of cells that look very much like a roll of coins. So Volta cut out coinlike disks from sheets of various materials and started stacking them, in different sequences, to see if he could find any combination that would produce electricity. These stacking experiments kept yielding negative results until he tried pairing copper disks with zinc ones, while separating the stacked pairs with paper disks wetted with saltwater.

This sequence of copper-zinc-paper fortuitously produced electricity, and the electrical output was proportionate to the height of the stack. Volta thought he had uncovered the secret of how eels generate their electricity and that he had actually produced an artificial version of the electric organ of fish, so he initially called his discovery an “artificial electric organ.” But it was not.

What really makes eels electrifying

Scientists now know the electrochemical reactions between dissimilar materials that Volta discovered have nothing to do with the way an electric eel generates its electricity. Rather, the eel uses an approach similar to the way our nerve cells generate their electrical signals, but on a much grander scale.

Specialized cells within the eel’s electric organ pump ions across a semipermeable membrane barrier to produce an electrical charge difference between the inside versus the outside of the membrane. When microscopic gates in the membrane open, the rapid flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other generates an electrical current. The eel is able to simultaneously open all of its membrane gates at will to generate a huge jolt of electricity, which it unleashes in a targeted fashion upon its prey.

Electric eels don’t shock their prey to death; they just electrically stun it before attacking. An eel can generate hundreds of volts of electricity (American household outlets are 110 volts), but the eel’s voltage does not push enough current (amperage), for a long enough time, to kill. Each electric pulse from an eel lasts only a couple thousandths of a second and delivers less than 1 amp. That’s just 5% of household amperage.

This is similar to how electric fences work, delivering very short pulses of high-voltage electricity, but with very low amperage. They thus shock but do not kill bears or other animal intruders that try to get through them. It is also similar to a modern Taser electroshock weapon, which works by quickly delivering an extremely high-voltage pulse (about 50,000 volts) carrying very low amperage (just a few milliamps).

Modern attempts to mimic the eel

Like Volta, some modern electrical scientists searching to transform battery technology find their inspiration in electric eels.

A team of scientists from the United States and Switzerland is currently working on a new type of battery inspired by eels. They envision that their soft and flexible battery might someday be useful for internally powering medical implants and soft robots. But the team admits they have a long way to go. “The electric organs in eels are incredibly sophisticated; they’re far better at generating power than we are,” lamented Michael Mayer, a team member from the University of Fribourg. So, the eel research continues.

seated men wearing tuxedosJohn Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino shared a Nobel Prize for their work on lithium-ion batteries. Jonathan Nackstrand/AFP via Getty Images

In 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the three scientists who developed the lithium-ion battery. In conferring the award, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences asserted that the awardees’ work had “laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil fuel-free society.”

The “wireless” part is definitely true, since lithium-ion batteries now power virtually all handheld wireless devices. We’ll have to wait and see about the “fossil fuel-free society” claim, because today’s lithium-ion batteries are recharged with electricity often generated by burning fossil fuels. No mention was made of the contributions of electric eels.

Later that same year, though, scientists from the Smithsonian Institution announced their discovery of a new South American species of electric eel; this one is notably the strongest known bioelectricity generator on Earth. Researchers recorded the electrical discharge of a single eel at 860 volts, well above that of the previous record-holding eel species, Electrophorus electricus, that clocked in at 650 volts, and 200-fold higher that the top voltage of a single lithium-ion battery (4.2 volts).

Just as we humans try to congratulate ourselves on the greatness of our latest portable energy source, the electric eels continue to humble us with theirs.The Conversation

Timothy J. Jorgensen, Director of the Health Physics and Radiation Protection Graduate Program and Professor of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

 

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