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Bernal, Prepare for the unexpected

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Anton
Change actually does happen here — and can come riding in strange ways.
Archive photo by Eric Jackson.

The civic awakening

by Miguel Antonio Bernal

Rapid advancing daily events, bringing changes in whatever field, have begun to produce effects on our usually indifferent population.

Despite the multiple controls imposed by the joint criminal enterprise that governs us, and the disorderly misinformation via the media of different geographical, popular and professional sectors, there is an awakening of discontent, disagreement and disappointment, which has been growing in the nest for so long.

It is not yet a collective, community awakening, not even organized or totally externalized. But, like all social awakenings, it’s a beginning whose different expressions are manifested in different ways, at different times and places, and also by different people.

Of course, for those in authoritarian positions who live with their backs to reality, and from the habitually indifferent, the “nothing happens here” expectation serves as a blind from which to do nothing – as something happens and will happen.

Everything that’s happening is accumulating. There are more and more tensions, which are beginning to surface and announce themselves. It’s an awakening before the act. The absolute failure of the governing system demands absolute changes through a fundamentally participatory process, which is the one most feared by those who love the status quo.

History teaches us to prepare for the unexpected. From history we also learn that nations, once awakened, will seek to achieve their dreams whatever the costs.

Thus we must be demanding, as the civic awakening slowly but surely appears and advances, slowly but surely, so that we get to the urgent changes that allow us to fully exercise our freedoms and rights, today trampled by authoritarianism. Even if we come to them like oxen and a cart.

 

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¿Wappin? Music to learn a language + / Música para aprender una lengua +

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aula rancho
A classroom in one of Panama’s indigenous comarcas. Photo by the Defensoría del Pueblo.
Un aula en una de las comarcas indígenas de Panamá. Foto de la Defensoría del Pueblo. 

Listen and read the subtitles
Escuche y lea los subtítulos

Carla Morrison – Disfruto
https://youtu.be/11EBGOlI66s

Marianne Faithfull – As Tears Go By
https://youtu.be/SSYGwl-IY_c

Héroes del Silencio — Maldito Duende
https://youtu.be/bd0inepDo6A

Mon Laferte — Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón
https://youtu.be/bkb4RGLq7Cs

Zaida Reyte — Lagrimas Negras
https://youtu.be/LAlP_FFaUSQ

Víctor Jara – Manifiesto
https://youtu.be/Xyyu5AN_H0g

Bob Marley – Slave Driver
https://youtu.be/HITaaqurEcM

Mike & The Mechanics – Silent Running
https://youtu.be/W4Y4qrern-I

Lauryn Hill – That Thing
https://youtu.be/Njcj4-bc4DQ

The Temptations – My Girl
https://youtu.be/Z40O-bdghuQ

Avril Lavigne – Complicated
https://youtu.be/ifN9cXIMD5k

Romeo Santos — Propuesta Indecente
https://youtu.be/nbEk4HMZfdo

Iggy Pop & Kate Pierson – Candy
https://youtu.be/zPKs8ESfHho

Bessie Smith – Send Me to the ‘Lectric Chair
https://youtu.be/WrCHsL68AZQ

Sech — 911
https://youtu.be/9Tx16O9E0D8

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

To fend off hackers, organized trolls and other online vandalism, our website comments feature is switched off. Instead, come to our Facebook page to join in the discussion.

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Dinero

Barro Colorado ha perdido una cuarta parte de sus especies de aves

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boid
Con el tiempo, la comunidad de aves de Barro Colorado ha perdido aproximadamente una cuarta parte de sus especies. Las aves asociadas con los bosques húmedos y lluviosos se vieron particularmente afectadas después de que la Isla Barro Colorado fuera aislada de los bosques continentales. Foto por Randall Moore.

Pérdida de la biodiversidad a pesar de un siglo de protección

por STRI

Hace más de un siglo, la Isla Barro Colorado (BCI) se formó por la construcción del Canal de Panamá y con la formación del Lago Gatún, en ese momento, el embalse más grande del mundo. Desde entonces, esta isla de 15 kilómetros cuadrados ha estado protegida de la perturbación humana. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser un gran trozo de bosque inalterado durante más de 100 años, muchas de sus especies de aves han desaparecido. Un equipo de investigación que incluía a W. Douglas Robinson, científico visitante del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI), exploró las razones.

“Excepcionalmente, la comunidad de aves BCI ha sido documentada por ornitólogos durante 90 años”, comentó Robinson. “Cuando iniciaron los estudios, a principios del siglo XX, se podían encontrar alrededor de 228 especies de aves en la isla”.

Sin embargo, BCI nunca fue una isla regular: era un fragmento de bosque en la cima de una colina que se había aislado por la creación de un lago artificial. Esto presentó algunas ventajas para la conservación de la biodiversidad, como la resistencia a invasores exóticos y la protección de perturbaciones humanas.

Por otro lado, después de aislarse del bosque continental, algunas aves BCI comenzaron a experimentar nuevos desafíos. Las especies de aves asociadas con bosques húmedos y lluviosos se vieron particularmente afectadas. Aunque los patrones de lluvia se han mantenido relativamente estables, la isla no tiene arroyos o fuentes de agua permanentes y está expuesta a los vientos que azotan el lago Gatún, lo que contribuye a una mayor pérdida de humedad durante la estación seca de Panamá que sucede de diciembre a abril.

Con el tiempo, la comunidad de aves de BCI ha perdido aproximadamente una cuarta parte de sus especies. La mayoría tenían rasgos similares: eran sensibles a la sequía, no eran muy abundantes al principio o tenían dietas muy particulares. Por ejemplo, desaparecieron muchas aves que se alimentan de insectos, lo que podría explicar por qué los insectos son menos activos y más difíciles de cazar en ambientes más secos. Muchas aves terrestres también desaparecieron: incluso cuando seguían siendo abundantes en los bosques continentales adyacentes, porque no podían volar largas distancias y no podían cruzar el lago para mantener las poblaciones en la isla.

Según los autores, que describieron sus hallazgos en Scientific Reports, los patrones de lluvia también están cambiando, con períodos secos extremos más frecuentes en toda la región. En el pasado, estos períodos secos pueden haber conducido a un aumento de las tasas de extinción de aves.

Esta combinación de factores ha transformado lentamente la comunidad de aves de BCI en una que se asemeja a la de los bosques más secos y perturbados de la región. Si estas tendencias continúan, es posible que se pierdan unas 12 especies de aves más en las próximas dos décadas, si los patrones del cambio climático siguen siendo los mismos.

“La propuesta de que la simple protección de las selvas tropicales mantendrá su diversidad a largo plazo es cada vez menos respaldada dados los hallazgos recientes sobre la disminución de aves en vastos bosques amazónicos intactos”, comentó Robinson.

 

Referencia:

Curtis, J.R., Robinson, W.D., Rompré, G. et al. Erosion of tropical bird diversity over a century is influenced by abundance, diet and subtle climatic tolerances. Sci Rep 11, 10045 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89496-7

 

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Muchas aves terrestres desaparecieron, a pesar de su abundancia en los bosques continentales adyacentes, porque no pudieron cruzar el lago Gatún para mantener las poblaciones en la isla. Foto por Ghislain Rompre.
 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

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Dinero

SENAN publicity on a bad day / Publicidad de SENAN en un día triste

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Boston Whaler
One of SENAN’s “special boats” when the gringos delivered it. SENAN photo.
Uno de los “botes especiales” del SENAN cuando los gringos lo entregaron. Foto por SENAN. 

For youngsters with dreams of adventure at sea, going like a bat out of Hell
Para jóvenes que sueñan de aventuras en el mar, como alma que lleva el diablo

by / por Eric Jackson

August 11 was an unfavorable news day for the National Aeronaval Service — SENAN, Panama’s combined coast guard and air patrol.

Combined law enforcement agencies from Panama, the United States and Colombia moved up and executed a series of raids after the murder of a suspected ringleader of a gang that was smuggling drugs from Colombia by sea to Panama Viejo and then by land to Costa Rica and points farther along. Three Panamanian government officials were among the 21 individuals arrested here in the raids. A member of the SPI presidential guards is said to have kept the smugglers informed of when and where law enforcement roadblocks were, to assist the movement of drugs in vehicles with false bottoms. An employee of the Aquatic Resources Commission was picked up. Also arrested was someone from the Panama Maritime Authority (AMP)
.

Also that day, local news media reported a six-year prison sentence for a former SENAN commissioner, on aggravated domestic violence charges. The man was taken into custody on June 8 for an assault in the Albrook Mall parking lot. Not only were there the domestic violence complaints, but subordinates complained that the commissioner bullied them.

So, was it a surprise when SENAN parked one of their “Special Boats” at a gas station on the Pan-American Highway in Anton? ‘Hey, boys and girls, join US and tool around in one of THESE!’ Or, at least ‘We have taken some individual embarrassment but we continue our mission.’

These Boston Whaler boats with triplet Mercury outboard motors were donated to Panama by the US government in 2018. Many things might be said about the purposes for this, and about the things that SENAN does and needs to do. But also follow the money trail. Among other things, the purchase of these very fast watercraft was a US government subsidy to the manufacturers of Boston Whalers and Mercury outboard motors.

Let’s also keep in mind the positive aspects of bad news day. Panamanian law enforcement came down against corruption among its people and against domestic violence by one of its higher-ranking officers.

~ ~

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Photo by the Public Ministry / Foto por el Ministerio Público.

El 11 de agosto fue un día de noticias desfavorables para el Servicio Aeronaval Nacional – SENAN, el guardacostas y patrulla aérea combinados de Panamá.

Agencias policiales combinadas de Panamá, Estados Unidos y Colombia avanzaron y ejecutaron una serie de redadas luego del asesinato de un presunto cabecilla de una pandilla que traficaba drogas desde Colombia por mar a Panamá Viejo y luego por tierra a Costa Rica y puntos. más adelante. Tres funcionarios del gobierno panameño se encontraban entre las 21 personas arrestadas aquí en las redadas. Se dice que un miembro de los guardias presidenciales del SPI mantuvo informados a los contrabandistas de cuándo y dónde se encontraban los controles de carretera para ayudar al movimiento de drogas en vehículos con falso fondo. Se detuvo a un empleado de la Comisión de Recursos Acuáticos. También fue arrestado un oficial de la Auotoridad Marítima de Panamá (AMP).

También ese día, los medios de comunicación locales informaron sobre una sentencia de seis años de prisión para un excomisionado del SENAN, por cargos agravados de violencia doméstica. El hombre fue detenido el 8 de junio por un asalto en el estacionamiento de Albrook Mall. No solo hubo denuncias de violencia doméstica, sino que los subordinados se quejaron de que el comisionado los intimidaba.

Entonces, ¿fue una sorpresa cuando el SENAN estacionó uno de sus “Botes Especiales” en una estación de servicio en la Carretera Panamericana en Anton? ‘¡Miren, niños y niñas, únanse a NOSOTROS y trabajen en uno de ESTOS!’ O, al menos, ‘Hemos sufrido alguna vergüenza individual, pero continuamos con nuestra misión’.

Estos botes Boston Whaler con motores fuera de borda triples Mercury fueron donados a Panamá por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en 2018. Se podrían decir muchas cosas sobre los propósitos de esto y sobre las cosas que el SENAN hace y necesita hacer. Pero también sigue el rastro del dinero. Entre otras cosas, la compra de estas lanchas muy rápidas fue un subsidio del gobierno de los Estados Unidos a los fabricantes de botes Boston Whaler y motores Mercury.

También tengamos en cuenta los aspectos positivos del día de las malas noticias. Las fuerzas del orden panameñas se lanzaron contra la corrupción entre su gente y contra la violencia doméstica por parte de uno de sus oficiales de mayor rango.

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

To fend off hackers, organized trolls and other online vandalism, our website comments feature is switched off. Instead, come to our Facebook page to join in the discussion.

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Dinero

Editorials: Keep the goats off the bridge; and GOP meltdown

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bot or troll
They wish. From a silly Twitter feed.

The bots and trolls say…

It’s ridiculously early to say that polls are very predictive of what might happen in the 2024 presidential elections. We don’t even know who will be running, not even who will be eligible to run.

History suggests that the PRD will not get back-to-back terms. Jaded voters tend to say that five years is a long enough looting binge, so give some other party than the outgoing presidents’ a turn. Others may not be so cynical, but are driven by the most recent offenses of an overall offensive political caste. Or so on. Since the dictatorship no party has won back-to-back elections.

More unreliable than polls are reader reponse surveys, as in the ones recently conducted on Twitter. Those may be indicative of the passion of candidates’ followings, or the organization of candidates who seek to “win” those. More and more, they just reflect who has hired the biggest call center team, or has deployed the most fake persona bots.

This is an unusually dystopic time. The COVID epidemic has not only brought us pestilence, suffering and death, but devastated Panama’s economy. In response politicians vary among transactional offers, regurgitated and unconvincing ideological stances and scapegoating, in this period mostly of foreigners. These pitches have attracted small followings, but none of them have captured the nation’s imagination.

Better to concentrate on what, rather than who, at this moment. And not a procedural what, but the substance of what Panamanians want and need. Plus how – how we want to govern ourselves and only after that considering how we get to that paradigm.

It’s homework, folks. Some of it’s boring for everybody, a lot of it’s tedious for most people, but we don’t get what we want and need without working for it. And the bots and call center trolls who give us easy answers? Perhaps the first lesson to learn is to ignore them.

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Governors DeSantis and Abbott don strange uniforms to pretend that their states’ intensive care units are packed to near capacity because foreigners sneak across the Rio Grande. Photo by the Texas governor’s office.

How the Democrats win next year won’t be pretty

The Republican governors of Florida and Texas are sacrificing citizens to ideology. It’s worse yet with the delta variant of COVID, as unlike previous strains, this one attacks a lot of kids, too.

Down through history, sacrificing “other people’s” kids has been twistable into a popular thing to do if the audience is hateful enough. The thing is, Mr. Abbott and Mr. DeSantis are recruiting mostly their own followers to suffer and sometimes die.

Yes, the Republicans have vote suppression game plans, and may get those passed into law and approved by the courts. They may gerrymander things worse than the last time. However, they and other GOP wannabes may well be overwhelmed at the polls despite everything, due to the reckless things that they are doing right now. THEIR FOLLOWERS are the ones most likely to be resisting masks and vaccines. If well the rest of society should object to how that puts those who are doing their best to protect themselves at higher risk, the anti-mask, anti-vax people who act upon the Republican idea that science is a hostile ideology are the ones who run the greatest personal risks.

In the face of what history will remember as a truly bizarre Republican meltdown, the next direction that the United States will take is likely to be hashed out in Democratic primaries. These battles may themselves be none too pretty but they will defines certain things and establish power relationships within the party. Wholesale purges, mass desertions to abstention or irrelevant third-party effors would be the ways for Democrats to lose, but those things should be avoidable if after the primary season there are coalition talks among the various factions.

It all comes down to a question of balance. The Republicans have on the whole lost all sense of that. Most Democrats, even with the intra-party fighting, retain a certain sense of balance and proportion. A big part of that common sense will be to show unity come the general election season.

  

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Cows run away from the storm while the buffalo charges toward it — and gets through it quicker. Whenever I’m confronted with a tough challenge, I do not prolong the torment, I become the buffalo.

Wilma Mankiller

 

Bear in mind…

 

Don’t speak unless you can improve on the silence.

Jorge Luis Borges

 

A woman at 20 is like ice, at 30 she is warm and at 40 she is hot.

Gina Lollobrigida

 

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.

Albert Einstein

 

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Jackson, Time and our times

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Peno
The way you go through the Penonome drive-through vaccine line if you come on foot. Seguro Social photo.

Time is…

by Eric Jackson

When you were born to US parents in the Republic of Panama, partly raised in the old Canal Zone, have an entire formal education in the English language and have lived most of your years in Panama the Panagringo cultural mixes can get strange. There are things in the States that always seemed alien to me, which I never embraced. There are things down here to which I am well accustomed, but still seem strange. And then, having seen glimpses of both societies in particular moments there are those impressions that are going to be different from those of a lot of other people. On top of that, this epidemic is hardly the first for humanity or for Panama, but it’s unique in its particulars, by both historical moment and venue.

I had an appointment to get shot today, so set out for Penonome’s Boulevard shopping center. Having ridden two buses and a taxi, I saw this long line of cars on the highway waiting to get through the vaccination drive-through. My arrangements were in order, and I was about 15 minutes early.

Ah, but like the early bird, I got the worm. Some exotic cuisines I do like, but that sort of bird chow I don’t. The lady at the vaccination place told me that notwithstanding the notice that the Health Ministry had sent me by email, the government had failed to deliver the vaccine for that day’s activities. Those cars that were lined up? The ones at the front of the line had appointments set for hours earlier, and chose to wait on the chance that the PRD hacks would come with the vaccine sometime during the day. Come back tomorrow, I was advised.

So, do I get back to my roots, and to which ones, in reacting to that?

The very gringo concept that “Time Is Money,” that I never assimilated in my 28 years in the USA. Even as a lawyer!

And my ancetral roots? There’s a polyglot mix, but the Germanic ones are not of the intolerant of inefficiency stormtrooper stereotype. My Tuetonic ancestors were Amish, not the sorts of folks to get along with the likes of the brownshirts.

On my personal cultural spectrum, “Maybe mañana” suits me well enough. Plus, without getting traumatized about wasted time and bus and taxi fares, I could, and did, mitigate “time is money” losses. Moreover, although traveling without a useful camera, it’s my habit to look around and think about what I see when riding buses and taxis – an important part of chronicling Panama the way that I do it.

So I went into the El Rey at the Boulevard, because even had I not had an appointment to be injected, I needed to make a cat food run on this day anyway. Cat food, cold bottled tea, bread, cheetos to share with canines and felines, a piece of broccoli to go with dinner, the print edition of today’s La Prensa – and off to the other side of the shopping center, which is now the terminal for a lot of Penonome bus routes.

An opportunity to save a little time, and a little money! None of this bus ride to Anton, then another bus ride out to the village. At the Boulevard I got on a Penonome to San Juan de Dios bus, which got me directly back to El Bajito for a buck instead of $1.50 and save me probably a net half-hour of waiting.

So, that settled, I set my eyes and brain to another look at what I saw going out to that side of Penonome. What’s different?

– A guy selling stuff at a traffic light on the Pan-American Highway. Not so weird for Panama. There are even popular songs about it. When I was here as a US resident visiting in Noriega times, and then in the immediate aftermath of the invasion, that part of the informal economy was much more pervasive. In 21st century Penonome it hasn’t been. But then, the number of roadside stands is also substantially up during the epidemic. In a country without much of a social safety net, and where nearly half of the work force was informal before the virus arrived, ever more people are selling on the street or on the roadside to survive. Plus, there is more outright panhandling.

– All the closed businesses! And there are a bunch that have been stripped or vandalized. Are those three adjacent stripped places bought by someone who’s going to tear them down and build something new? THAT business with the freshly broken-out window, and the reasonably new car with the smashed-up windows that bears no marks of a collision, apparently belie criminal activity of some sort. Continuing from a plague into hard times, Panama really does need to take some steps, not only law enforcement but including that, to limit the stripping away of this country’s assets. No matter who, if anyone, might hold title.

– Direct foreign investment? That’s down and you can read all about it in almost any medium that covers such things. However, all these brave Panamanian souls are investing in businesses here. New bus routes. Fruit and vegetable stands. Handicraft stalls. Franchises of relatively new Panamanian chains, like the coffee shop at the Boulevard. Small business has taken a terrible beating from the epidemic here and a lot of the new efforts may not survive. But there are new leaves popping up on society’s living fence.

 

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Roadkill science

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fishing lure rodent
To understand wildlife vulnerability to road networks, for three years STRI researcher Dumas Gálvez regularly  drove along a road parallel to a rainforest looking out for roadkill. Road ecology data near biodiversity hotspots are crucial for the implementation of measures to reduce roadkill, such as animal bridges, speed bumps or reduced speed limits. Photo of a ñequi — agouti — by Steve Paton — STRI.

Local scientist Dumas Gálvez drove a road next to a forest looking for dead vertebrates

by Leila Nilipour — STRI

Panama is considered one of the countries with the highest human footprint on vertebrate communities. And roads are some of the main human-made infrastructures causing habitat fragmentation and loss, pollution and wildlife roadkill. However, roadkill are very poorly studied in many countries, particularly tropical countries in Latin America, despite it being one of the most obvious impacts on biodiversity. Panama is no exception. In August 2017, Dumas Gálvez, a postdoctoral researcher at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), set out to change that.

He began driving along a road parallel to the Camino de Cruces National Park several times per week, and kept it up for three years, documenting any roadkill he encountered, except for amphibians. He drove mostly by rainforest, but also near suburban areas and the Panama Canal.

Gálvez documented a total of 79 roadkill. Most of them were mammals and reptiles. He also found that during hotter and rainier months, there were fewer wildlife collisions. According to Gálvez, who recently published his findings in Biotropica, this may be due to decreased driving speed on rainy days, or decreased animal activity on hot or rainy days. Although these behaviors may vary across species.

“Roadkill probability is likely to be associated with the biology and ecology of each species,” said Gálvez. “For example, mating period could increase the activity of certain species, making them more vulnerable to roads. If this mating period coincides with a season, for example, the dry season for iguanas in Panama, then we can expect a higher risk for that species and we could implement a mitigation plan.”

During his monitoring experiment, Gálvez found that in a curved section of the road the likelihood of finding roadkill increased. This could be due to reduced visibility, but also due to the proximity of this particular section of the road to a water source.

Of all three years, 2020 showed a slight decrease in roadkills. This could have been related to lower traffic, given the very strict lockdown measures implemented in Panama during the first months of the pandemic. Yet Gálvez has another possible explanation in mind.

“A reduction in mortality could result from population depletion due to massive mortality. More long-term studies are needed to better understand roadkill trends,” said Gálvez.

Ultimately, this study is a preliminary step towards improving our understanding of roadkill in Panama. Further studies, or even citizen science projects, could help evaluate factors that influence traffic flow and its consequences for wildlife collisions. These road ecology data near biodiversity hotspots are crucial for the implementation of mitigation measures, such as animal right-of-ways or bridges, speed bumps or reduced speed limits.

Finally, roadkills could be reduced through educational programs and stricter enforcement of traffic regulations.

“I’d like to invite other biologists to work on this issue by collecting data, publishing their results and more importantly, sharing their data with policy makers,” Gálvez said. “We often hear that policymaking should be based on evidence; well, here is the evidence, at least for this route, and this problem is not only for this road but all the roads near forests in the country.”

map
Dumas Galvez’s study road spanned almost 13km, passing through protected areas, suburban areas and the Panama Canal. This map shows details on roadkill events for green iguanas, tamanduas, and other species. Map by Dumas Galvez.

 

Dumas
Dumas encourages other biologists in the country to collect roadkill data, publish their results and share their findings with policy makers. Photo by Jorge Alemán — STRI.

 

Reference

Gálvez, D. (2021). Three-year monitoring of roadkill trend in a road adjacent to a national park in Panama. Biotropica. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12995

 

 

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¿Wappin? Para aprender otro idioma / To learn another language

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2d tongue

Follow the subtitles and learn
Sigue los subtítulos y aprende

Natalia Lafourcade – Hasta La Raíz
https://youtu.be/6e6mmDWdoOU

Prince – When Doves Cry
https://youtu.be/2oYFDq2k214

Janis Joplin – Ball and Chain
https://youtu.be/Z1LAphWvPwI

Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee – Despacito
https://youtu.be/aCdqHPon5Lo

Adele – Set Fire To The Rain
https://youtu.be/QDt__hwn7Nc

Frank Zappa – Trouble Every Day
https://youtu.be/RymtGaYLe94

The Pretenders – I’ll Stand By You
https://youtu.be/vKl7DrQj9ig

Suzanne Vega – Luka
https://youtu.be/jISVr88eXSs

Silvio Rodríguez & Pablo Milanés – Yolanda
https://youtu.be/lbe6Wrc5xDg

Peter Tosh – Mystic Man
https://youtu.be/yNPoRSwQdmE

Rubén Blades – Amor y Control
https://youtu.be/G1RZTBkVbVg

Stevie Wonder – I Just Called To Say I Love You
https://youtu.be/Z9ZcbaLoY-U

Mon Laferte & Juanés – Amárrame
https://youtu.be/-O51n0cdxPg

Neil Young – I Believe In You
https://youtu.be/hX4ehcCfqIc

Billie Eilish – No Time To Die
https://youtu.be/7yJ328yi55c

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

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Kermit’s birds / Las aves de Kermit

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boid
Thick-billed Euphonia ~ Eufonia piquigruesa ~ Euphonia laniirostris. Encontrado en Gamboa. Foto © Kermit Nourse.

Thick-billed Euphonia / Eufonia piquigruesa

One of the many euphonias in Panama, this one can be seen on forest edges and gardens. They are common on disturbed lowlands all along the Pacific Side, and up such valleys as those of the Bayano River and the Panama Canal. On the Atlantic slope they range from northern Cocle all the way east into Colombia. This species ranges from Costa Rica to Bolivia and into parts of the Amazon Basin.

  

Una de las muchas eufonias en Panamá, esta se puede ver en los bordes de los bosques y jardines. Son comunes en las tierras bajas perturbadas a lo largo de la vertiente pacífica y en valles como los del Río Bayano y el Canal de Panamá. En la vertiente atlántica se extienden desde el norte de Coclé hasta el este hasta Colombia. Esta especie se extiende desde Costa Rica hasta Bolivia y en partes de la cuenca del Amazonas.

  

  

 

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Anacardos antiguos y su posible migración

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the fossil tree lady
El descubrimiento de un árbol fósil en Panamá ofrece pistas sobre el establecimiento del género Anacardium en América Central y del Sur. Oris Rodríguez-Reyes, una científica siguiendo estas pistas. Foto por STRI.

¿Es este el marañón más antiguo del Istmo?

por STRI

En los últimos años, una plaga ha diezmado a los marañones (Anacardium occidentale) en todo Panamá. Durante los meses de verano, esta especie fue vista floreciendo y dando frutos a lo largo de la carretera Interamericana; a los costados de la carretera, la venta de semillas de marañón tostados. Resulta que este amado árbol, también conocido como cayú,​ nuez de la India, merey, cajú, castaña de cajú, cajuil, caguil, pepa o merey, tiene un pariente muy antiguo, que fue descubierto recientemente por la paleobotánica panameña Oris Rodríguez Reyes, investigadora asociada del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI).

Durante exploraciones en el pueblo de Los Boquerones, en la provincia de Veraguas en Panamá Central, Rodríguez Reyes se encontró con un gran tronco fósil: posiblemente uno de los más grandes encontrados en Panamá hasta la fecha. Y este tronco antiguo se parecía mucho al género moderno de marañones Anacardium. Rodríguez Reyes nombró a esta nueva especie fósil Anacardium gassonii sp. Nov. y lo describió en la revista PLoS ONE.

Aunque los árboles de a marañón solamente se encuentran hoy en los trópicos de América Central y del Sur, alguna vez existieron en el otro lado del mundo. Puede parecer poco probable, pero los restos fósiles de marañón más antiguos encontrados hasta la fecha se descubrieron en Alemania. ¿Un árbol tropical en lo que hoy se considera una región templada? ¿Y cómo viajó desde el otro lado del mundo a Panamá?

Resulta que el clima de la Tierra no siempre ha sido el mismo y, hace más de 30 millones de años, existía una región tropical a lo largo de la latitud del sur de Europa. Los antepasados ​​de muchas especies tropicales modernas, como los marañones, pueden haber llegado a las Américas vagando por ese cálido cinturón del norte desde Eurasia hasta América del Norte. Los fósiles encontrados en el área de Los Boquerones, donde se descubrió el A. gassonii sp. Nov., pertenecen a la transición Oligoceno-Mioceno: hace alrededor de 23 millones de años, lo que respalda esta hipótesis.

“El género de marañones Anacardium tiene un escaso registro fósil”, comentó Rodríguez Reyes. “Sin embargo, ofrece un excelente ejemplo de migración de especies tropicales de Eurasia a América del Norte durante un período más cálido en el clima de la Tierra hace más de 30 millones de años”.

Además de agregar una pieza clave al rompecabezas sobre el establecimiento de especies de marañones en América Central y América del Sur, el descubrimiento de A. gassonii sp. Nov. apoya la hipótesis de que la migración de esta y otras especies durante el Oligoceno-Mioceno ayudó a unir las selvas tropicales biodiversas que existían en la región en ese momento. También sugiere que el género Anacardium cruzó de América Central a América del Sur antes del cierre final del Istmo hace 3 millones de años. Al llegar a América del Sur, el género se diversificó.

“Descubrir nuevos fósiles contribuirá a comprender mejor cómo y por qué la diversidad es como es hoy”, comentó Teresa Terrazas, botánica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y coautora del estudio. “Este es un ejemplo para que los jóvenes estudiantes se conviertan en paleobotánicos”.

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Barrancos en la finca Los Boquerones en Veraguas, donde se recolectaron varios ejemplares. Foto por Oris Rodríguez- Reyes y Emilio Estrada-Ruiz.

 

fossils
Mapa que ilustra las rutas de migración hipotéticas de Anacardium que muestra la distribución moderna de Anacardium y la presencia de A. germanicum en Alemania y A. gassonii en Panamá. Gráfico de Camila Monje Dussán y Lilian De Andrade Brito.
 

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