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IT IS WRITTEN: The Passion of the Easter Bunny

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EB

And it was on that original Bogue Tuesday, some 2000 years ago, that The Easter Bunny was arrested and brought before Elmer Fudd.…

They had a vote. The Pilate said, “You can go now, Barabbas” and moved to the question of the final meal for the remaining prisoners, And from the multitude there arose a roar: “Hasenpfeffer!” The condemned men complained that it wasn’t kosher, but of that the Romans knew not.

And then, because this was jail food after all, they added raisins.…

IT IS WRITTEN…

And the social prisoners said, “Hey Yeshue, aren’t you gonna have any of this stew?” But He of the virgin birth, never having failed to observe kosher before, wasn’t about to change his ways about that then.

Missing that meal, of course, sapped his strength the following Friday morning, leading to the soldier’s stern admonition: “Drop that cross once more and you’re out of the parade!”

 

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Biden: “Don’t need to wait another minute”

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“Our nation is being held hostage by the gun industry, and until the industry is held fully accountable for the direct role it plays in these massacres, communities across the nation will continue to live in fear of the next horrendous attack.”

Biden calls on Congress to
pass assault weapons ban

by Kenny Stancil — Common Dreams

In the wake of yet another mass shooting in which a 21-year-old gunman armed with an AR-15-style rifle fatally shot 10 people at a grocery store in Boulder, Colorado, President Joe Biden on Tuesday called on Congress to “ban assault weapons and high-capacity magazines” and to enact additional gun safety reforms, including improved background checks.

“I don’t need to wait another minute, let alone an hour, to take commonsense steps that will save lives in the future and to urge my colleagues in the House and Senate to act,” Biden said during a White House press conference following Monday’s shooting. “We can ban assault weapons and high-capacity magazines in this country once again. I got that done when I was a senator. … We should do it again.”

As The Hill reported Tuesday:

Biden called on the Senate to “immediately pass” two House-passed bills that would expand background checks for firearm sales, noting that both passed the Democratic-controlled lower chamber with some Republican support. One of the bills would close the so-called Charleston loophole by extending the initial background check review period from three to 10 days. The bill is linked to the 2015 shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, in which a white supremacist killed nine Black Americans at the Mother Emanuel AME Church.

On Monday afternoon in Boulder, 10 people, including a city police officer who responded to the scene, were gunned down at a local supermarket in the Rocky Mountain college town. Colorado has been home to several mass shootings since 1999, when 12 students and a teacher were killed at Columbine High School.

According to The Daily Poster, the carnage in Boulder came less than a week after the National Rifle Association took credit for helping to strike down the city’s assault weapons ban.

“Our nation is being held hostage by the gun industry, and until the industry is held fully accountable for the direct role it plays in these massacres, communities across the nation will continue to live in fear of the next horrendous attack,” Violence Prevention Center executive director Josh Sugarmann said Tuesday in a statement.

According to the Gun Violence Archive, the Boulder massacre — which occurred just days after a gunman murdered eight people, the majority of whom were Asian women, in a shooting spree at three separate spas in metro Atlanta — was the 102nd mass shooting in the United States in 2021.

Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that firearms accounted for nearly 40,000 deaths in the United States in 2019.

Yet, “the Covid-19 pandemic led to an increase in gun violence, along with an unprecedented spike in online gun purchases,” Ernest Coverson, manager of Amnesty International USA’s End Gun Violence program, said Tuesday in a statement. “Many gun owners, including first-time buyers, were able to get their hands on firearms without undergoing necessary training or background checks.”

The recent spate of mass shootings, as Common Dreams reported earlier Tuesday, has intensified pressure on Democrats to use their slim majority in the Senate to finally eliminate the 60-vote filibuster rule and approve substantial gun safety laws over foreseeable GOP obstruction.

It just so happened that prior to the recent killing spree in Boulder, the Senate Judiciary Committee had already scheduled a hearing on gun violence for Tuesday.

Only in America does the Senate schedule a gun violence prevention hearing on a random Tuesday, and it ends up falling within a day of another mass shooting.

We need action. We need gun reform now.

— Public Citizen (@Public_Citizen) March 23, 2021

During his opening statement at the hearing, Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) said that “inaction by this Congress makes us complicit.”

Blumenthal recounted how — in the immediate aftermath of the 2012 massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School, which left 20 children and six teachers dead — a mother who had been traumatized by the school shooting told him that she was “ready now” to take action to address gun violence.

“When I asked a mom, after Sandy Hook, whether she would talk to me when she was ready about action we could take together — she said, through her tears, ‘I’m ready now.'”

Listen to @SenBlumenthal’s powerful opening remarks at the Senate hearing to #EndGunViolence: pic.twitter.com/GQ458qFzFb

— Senate Judiciary Committee (@JudiciaryDems) March 23, 2021

That sentiment was shared by many this week. Following the White House’s remarks Tuesday, Everytown for Gun Safety chief John Feinblatt said in a statement that “President Biden is right: this is the moment to act on gun safety.”

“To end these senseless killings, we need more than thoughts and prayers,” he added. “We need the Senate to pass background checks, and we need this administration to take executive action to save lives.”

Shannon Watts, the founder of Moms Demand Action, concurred that “we cannot wait a moment longer.”

“In the past week alone, two mass shootings have killed at least 18 people, wounded at least one more, and devastated our country—while other types of gun violence continue to kill more than 100 people in the US every day,” Watts said.

At the beginning of Tuesday’s hearing, Senator Dick Durbin (D-IL)—chairman of the committee and the second-highest ranking Democrat in the upper chamber—said that “prayer leaders have their important place in this, but we are Senate leaders. What are we doing?”

“We won’t solve this crisis with prosecutions after funerals,” Durbin added. “We need prevention before shooting.”

While “gun violence continues to traumatize communities across the country,” Coverson pointed out, “it’s been 25 years since the federal government passed a gun safety law.”

“Now, more than ever, lawmakers must prioritize gun safety solutions,” Coverson continued. “There is no key legislation that will end gun violence overnight, but there are steps Congress can take right now to save lives.”

Amnesty has called on the Senate to pass the Break the Cycle of Violence Act, which Coverson said “would support on-the-ground groups working to keep communities safe from gun violence… [and] make a long-term and life-changing impact on marginalized and underserved groups.”

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY), for his part, vowed to “address the epidemic of gun violence,” noting that he has “already committed to bringing universal background checks legislation to the floor of the Senate.”

During his address on Tuesday, Biden said that “those poor folks who died left behind families, that leaves a big hole in their hearts.”

“Those families who are mourning today because of gun violence in Colorado and Georgia and all across the country, we have to act so there’s not more of you, there’s fewer of you, as time goes on,” the president added.

 

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A new challenge to big tech’s surveillance advertising

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Shoshana says
“Big Tech’s toxic business model is undermining democracy.”

Coalition forms to challenge “predatory” surveillance advertising by big tech

by Kenny Stancil — Common Dreams

A global coalition of more than three dozen groups on Monday launched a campaign to ban surveillance advertising, which the leaders of the effort described as “the extractive profit model underlying so many of Big Tech’s worst behaviors.”

“Surveillance advertising — the core profit-driver for gatekeepers like Facebook and Google, as well as adtech middlemen — is the practice of extensively tracking and profiling individuals and groups, and then microtargeting ads at them based on their behavioral history, relationships, and identity,” the coalition — co-organized by Accountable Tech and the American Economic Liberties Project — said in a joint statement.

“These dominant firms curate the content each person sees on their platforms using those dossiers — not just the ads, but newsfeeds, recommendations, trends, and so forth — to keep each user hooked, so they can be served more ads and mined for more data,” added the coalition — which also includes Demand Progress, People’s Action, and Public Citizen.

“Big Tech is making billions off surveillance advertising,” the groups noted on their campaign website. “Society is paying the price.”

The coalition of nearly 40 organizations — whose advocacy ranges from antitrust, corporate accountability, and consumer protection to privacy, civil rights, and counter-disinformation — argued that by “funding the misinformation machine,” “aiding and abetting violent extremists,” and more, “Big Tech’s toxic business model is undermining democracy.”

 

In their joint statement released ahead of Thursday’s House Energy and Commerce Committee hearing on “Social Media’s Role in Promoting Extremism and Misinformation,” the groups said that “Big Tech platforms amplify hate, illegal activities, and conspiracism — and feed users increasingly extreme content—because that’s what generates the most engagement and profit.”

“Their own algorithmic tools have boosted everything from white supremacist groups and Holocaust denialism to Covid-19 hoaxes, counterfeit opioids, and fake cancer cures,” the coalition added. “Echo chambers, radicalization, and viral lies are features of these platforms, not bugs — central to the business model.”

The coalition criticized social media giants for “eroding our consensus reality and threatening public safety in service of a toxic, extractive business model.”

In addition, “surveillance advertising is further damaging the information ecosystem by starving the traditional news industry, especially local journalism,” the groups said.

“Facebook and Google’s monopoly power and data harvesting practices have given them an unfair advantage, allowing them to dominate the digital advertising market, siphoning up revenue that once kept local newspapers afloat,” said the coalition. The result is that “while Big Tech CEOs get richer, journalists get laid off.”

David Heinemeier Hansson, creator of Ruby on Rails and founder of Basecamp, lamented how “surveillance advertising has robbed newspapers, magazines, and independent writers of their livelihoods and commoditized their work — and all we got in return were a couple of abusive monopolists. That’s not a good bargain for society.”

“By banning this practice,” he added, “we will return the unique value of writing, audio, and video to the people who make it rather than those who aggregate it.”

According to recent polling, 73% of U.S. voters are opposed to companies tracking their online behavior and using personal data to target them with ads, but the coalition to ban surveillance advertising claimed that “Big Tech will continue to stoke discrimination, division, and delusion — even if it fuels targeted violence or lays the groundwork for an insurrection — so long as it’s in their financial interest.”

Removing “the financial incentives that drive so much online and offline harm,” said Imran Ahmed — CEO of the Center for Countering Digital Hate, part of the coalition — would require “ending invasive snooping on users and the sale of users’ intimate thoughts and feelings to advertisers.”

As Zephyr Teachout, associate professor of law at Fordham Law School, put it: “Facebook and Google possess enormous monopoly power, combined with the surveillance regimes of authoritarian states and the addiction business model of cigarettes. Congress has broad authority to regulate their business models and should use it to ban them from engaging in surveillance advertising.”

Brandi Collins-Dexter, a visiting fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Shorenstein Center, noted that “an industry built on monetizing human emotions online has come at the cost of eroding societal values of transparency, fairness, accountability, and safety offline.”

“It is time,” she added, “to demand regulators, legislators, and other corners of government band together to ensure our communities are safeguarded from predatory practices like surveillance advertising.”

In their joint statement, the groups said that “there is no silver bullet to remedy this crisis — and the members of this coalition will continue to pursue a range of different policy approaches, from comprehensive privacy legislation to reforming our antitrust laws and liability standards.”

“But,” the coalition added, “here’s one thing we all agree on: It’s time to ban surveillance advertising.”

 

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Editorial, World Water Day

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Cocle in March
Dry times in Panama’s Dry Arc. Photo by Eric Jackson.

World Water Day

WHAT? A country set on a narrow isthmus between two oceans, with islands sprinkled in each, with famous rainy season cloudbursts and cloud forests set in several upland areas, has water problems?

Yes, we have several. The intended issue of this worldwide day is the lack of clean fresh water for human consumption, and this is a problem in parts of Panama right at this dry season moment. It’s not our only urgent water issue.

The official forces making noise about water issues in Panama?

First and foremost there is the Panama Canal Authority – the ACP by its Spanish initials – which uses a lot of water every time a ship transits, and which operated on draft restrictions for the first few years of the new locks because of chronic water shortages. They are about to spring a corporate water study on us and very likely use public funds in a publicity campaign that would have them build a new lake to the west of the canal in Colon and perhaps Cocle provinces, and perhaps give the ACP broad powers over the nation’s water supply, notwithstanding what most of those affected want or need.

There is the Ministry of Agricultural Development – MIDA – which sees the water shortages that hobble Panamanian agriculture. They, in turn, are hobbled by reasonable public skepticism fed by things like the bogus Tonosi Valley irrigation project for which Panamanians paid but did not receive, and for which none of those most responsible have been sent to prison. All of that water under the bridge, and all of those dried-up farms, still don’t negate the need for more irrigation water and more modern ways to use it.

There is the National Water and Sewer Institute – IDAAN – a horribly inefficient throughout its history political patronage bureaucracy. There are the generally more efficient local aqueduct organizations, which reasonably dread the thought of their absorption by IDAAN.

Then, from another angle there are the indigenous authorities of Guna Yala, who see island communities in their jurisdiction being displaced by rising seas. Also, mostly clueless municipal governments in the capital and in Colon, which stand to lose low-lying areas of those cities. The proper functioning of their drainage, sewer and water systems is already giving way to inexorably rising seas.

There are rather well known, obvious solutions, and there is room for some innovation that would be in the national interest:

  • Build that new lake for more canal water. Built it big, with high dams that generate electricity, and with a tunnel out the back, through the Continental Divide into the Interior, to siphon water into Cocle and the Azuero Peninsula, and feed Pacific Side aqueducts and irrigation projects when there is water for the canal to spare. And while doing all that, ditch all snobbish notions about throwaway people and be just and generous with those who would be displaced.
  • Build not one or a few huge desalination plants, but chains of small ones along both coasts, which should be connected by water mains into regional and national systems that take sea water and make it fit for human consumption.
  • Build dikes and levees around Panama City and the Colon city center to save them from the sea. Part of that process would have to be to build upon and adjust drains, sewers and water delivery systems that are and increasingly will be affected by slowly rising seas.
  • Build or raise islands in the San Blas Archipelago and other Panamanian island chains, both to save traditional ways of life and to create new development options for this nation.
  • Build natural defenses, both to replace what has been degraded or destroyed and to create what never was. Inland, no more of this privatization that has given us silent teak forests of limited value, but scientifically directed public works that reforest barren lands in order to conserve and increase the water supply, create wildlife habitat and boost the tourism that goes with it and sustainably produce food and plant materials to boost the national economy. Along the shores and up the rivers, replant mangrove forests both as coastal defensive barriers and incubators for seafood, and as parts of tertiary treatment to filter the effluent from sewage treatment plants. Into the seas, build, also under scientific direction, new coral reefs to bolster our coastal defenses and provide habitat for the chains of marine life.
  • Build, develop standards for, register under the Panamanian flag and promote on a worldwide basis a fleet of fresh water tanker ships. Have heavy rains made it such that gates need to be opened at the Gatun Spillway? Fill up water tankers instead, and send the water to where people need it.

Were all that to be done, there would be a lot of jobs created here. We could and reasonably should argue about how to proceed. A national corps of engineers might be the best route around the political caste and their contract skimming. The bottom line for this World Water Day, though, is that solving Panama’s water problems would also alleviate many other woes by putting Panama back to work.

 

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Ann Richards when she was governor of Texas. Wikimedia photo by Kenneth C. Zirkel.

The public does not like you to mislead or represent yourself to be something you’re not. And the other thing that the public really does like is the self-examination to say, you know, I’m not perfect. I’m just like you. They don’t ask their public officials to be perfect. They just ask them to be smart, truthful, honest, and show a modicum of good sense.

Ann Richards

Bear in mind…

Some third person decides your fate: this is the whole essence of bureaucracy.

Alexandra Kollontai

Anything too stupid to be said is sung.

Voltaire

It could probably be shown by facts and figures that there is no distinctly American criminal class except Congress.

Mark Twain

 

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Kermit’s birds / Las aves de Kermit

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woodpecker
Crimson-crested Woodpecker ~ Carpintero Barbinegro o Carpintero Crestirrojo ~ Campephilus melanoleucos
Encountered on the Pipeline Road, Gamboa, Colon.

Crimson-crested Woodpecker
Carpintero Barbinegro

foto © Kermit Nourse

With bird photography I try not to exaggerate aspects of the bird, such as color for one example, so as not to mis represent the species. But i will do many things with the bird’s house because its habitat carries equal importance as does the animal. There were three other woodpeckers on this tree , one of them a different species. The white mark on the bird’s cheek tells us that this one is a male. Measuring about 13.5 inches long this woodpecker ranges from Panama to central South America. These birds are found in forests and partly deforested areas where there as still trees, on both sides of the isthmus. They need large dead trees to make their nests.

 

Con la fotografía de aves trato de no exagerar aspectos del ave, como el color, por ejemplo, para no representar mal la especie. Pero haré muchas cosas con la casa del pájaro porque su hábitat tiene la misma importancia que el animal. Había otros tres pájaros carpinteros en este árbol, uno de ellos de una especie diferente. La marca blanca en la mejilla del pájaro nos dice que este es un macho. Midiendo aproximadamente 13.5 pulgadas de largo, este pájaro carpintero se extiende desde Panamá hasta el centro de América del Sur. Estas aves se encuentran en bosques y áreas parcialmente deforestadas donde hay árboles todavía, en ambos lados del istmo. Necesitan grandes árboles muertos para hacer sus nidos.

 

 

 

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Bernal, A “constitution” that says it really can’t be changed

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smurf nazis
Back in the day, if you didn’t like the dictatorship’s constitution and got too assertive about it, they might have turned smurf nazis loose on you. The “Pifufos” were Mercedes-Benz water cannon trucks, whose reign of terror ended in the US bombardment of the Panama Defense Forces headquarters in El Chorrillo where they were parked, during the 1989 invasion. Also destroyed in that bombardment were the nearby homes of thousands of people, hundreds of whom died for just being in the way. Surviving all that death and destruction, to this very day, is the dictatorship’s constitution.

Constitutional wounds

by Miguel Antonio Bernal

       It is essential that the constitution be based on ethical principles.

Pablo Lucas Verdú       

The deep constitutional wounds inflicted by the military coup of 1968 still continue to cause damage in all areas of our social formation. For the last 52 years, the pendulum has been fixed on the procedures imposed by the will of the general, which replaced the general will.

Throughout these decades, not only was the militarist constitution imposed. Then “reforms” were also imposed, in 1978, 1983, 1994 and 2004. Each and every one, had the main objective of maintaining unscathed, the trophy of authoritarianism, of autocracy. Old and new actors of partisan political life, and of the so-called “civil society,” began or ended their activities by agreeing to the statute imposed as a constitution. Many, too, took the train of authoritarian constitutionalism along the way and have yet to get off of it.

In 2019, the current government’s attempted to impose, at all costs, a series of constitutional reforms that it wanted. They failed, and then absolutely outside the procedures of constitutionalism typical of our times, chose to identify themselves with the imposed constitution that they once said they didn’t want.

The many constitutional wounds – which are still open and raw – are now sprinkled with salt from the sacks of “the parallels.” Suddenly they remembered the Gaceta Oficial No. 25,176 of Monday, November 15, 2004, which promulgated on its pages 120, 121 and 122, Legislative Act No. 1 of July 27, 2004, which contained the fourth set of reforms to the 1972 militarist constitution.

Said reforms were carried out behind the backs of the population and without any participation of the citizenry. Refrigerated offices of plutocratic lawyers and deputies, served as shelters for those instructed by the government of the then president, Mireya Moscoso, and by Martín Torrijos, for its preparation.

This is how the nefarious MAMI Pact (Martín + Mireya) was produced. It led to the approval by means of paragraph 2 of today’s Article 313, of the unconsulted constitutional reforms of 2004, containing the now-ragged Article 314.

The hasty and desperate inclusion, with constitutional rank, of the absurd and unconstitutional torpor of the so-called “parallel constituent assembly,” as had already occurred when the militarist constitution was imposed in 1972, demolishes all constitutional theory and doctrine as the world understands these things.

I remember what the lawyer Hernán Bonilla G rightly pointed out: “Between June 6, 1983 (GONº 19.826) and November 15, 2004, the expression ‘constitutional reforms’ then included both the formal reforms and the material reforms of the constitution, ascribed such reforms to the competence of the Legislative Assembly. Now as of November 15, 2004, that expression ‘constitutional reforms’ only includes ‘formal reforms’ to the constitution, inherent in its regulations, without altering its essence ascribed to the competence of the National Assembly to improve its wording … “

 

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¿Wappin? con David Young: Somos familiares / We’re related

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lewd puslating rhythm

¡Escuchen los tambores!
Listen to the drums!

playlist by / lista de reproducción por David Young

La música para pies felices: 500 años de la música de la diáspora africana en las islas del Caribe.

La música:

La Rumba, el corazón y el alma del pueblo cubano.

Comenzó a ser cantada, bailada y tocada en congas por los esclavos africanos, trabajadores portuarios de las ciudades portuarias. de La Habana, Matanzas y Santiago de Cuba. De naturaleza sexual, el corazón de las reuniones sociales. La llamada del solista, la respuesta del coro, el rasgo distintivo de la música africana cantada, dondequiera que se toque en el mundo.

El “Abakua” y sus bailarines, la sociedad masculina secreta traída de Dahomey en África occidental.

La “Rumba Columbia”, viril, bailada por hombres (una mujer fue campeona nacional hace unos años), interpretada por Los Muñequítos de Matanzas y los “Papínes”, el musical “Familias”, dos de miles de grupos similares de Rumba en la Isla.

Carlos Embale, uno de los sonéros cubanos más famosos de la música cubana de La Habana, canta con fuerza “Echale Salsita” con la Banda del Septéto Nacional.

El líder de la banda puertorriqueña José Cortíjo y su Combo, con el gran cantante Ismael Rivera, con “Juan José”, con el corista de falsete, con un estilo cantado en la sureña Ciudad de Ponce. Cortíjo dominó las ondas de radio en Panamá en la década de 1950, con sus bombas y plenas, convirtiéndose en la música popular de los pobres de Panamá. Ismaél se convirtió famoso después con “El Nazareno”.

La diáspora continúa en los Estados Unidos, con su migración puertorriqueña a principios del siglo XX.

Llevar consigo las tradiciones musicales de su isla a grandes ciudades como Nueva York y Chicago, y mezclarla con la música cubana con la que ellos y sus padres crecieron. Vivir entre los sonidos del jazz, la música negra estadounidense de su hogar adoptivo, dio lugar a los grandes de la música de jazz latino: el neoyorquino Tito Puente, Ricardo Ray, el estadounidense Cal Tjader, el emigrado cubano Mongo Santamaría y el emigrado dominicano. Johnny Pacheco, quien con su flauta magistral primero popularizó la charanga cubana, con sus violines, y luego, a principios de la década de 1970, popularizó la música adrocubana y sus artistas en todo el mundo al fundar los icónicos FANIA Records.

— DY

~ ~

What led Rubén Blades to embrace and revive Afro-Cuban rhythms and to live part of his life in Puerto Rico? For starters, Cuba is in his ancestral roots, through his mother, among other things a musician. But do understand the ways in which, apart from the migrations from English and French speaking islands in the 19th and 20th centuries, Panama is a Caribbean country. We have various dialects of Spanish, which are branches of Trade Routes Spanish. You can also hear it in Cuba and Puerto Rico when people drop the letter “s” from syllables. Spanish slave ships brought African laborers stripped of almost everything – but not their memories of the music from the Yoruba cultural area, which embraced not only the Yoruba people from parts of what is now Nigeria, but also non-Yoruba people who were influenced. Those slaves who dared to run to the wilderness – the Viñales Valley and caves in its surrounding limestone cliffs in Western Cuba, the mountains of Southwestern Puerto Rico, the hills above Nombre de Dios and Portobelo and into what’s now Guna Yala and the Darien in Panama – kept the old continent’s rhythms going. So, from sailors from Southern Spain who brought their accents to the lands of the old trade routes, to the African slaves who brought their musical tastes to the same places, we are culturally related to the Cubans and Puerto Ricans.

– EJ

Johnny Pacheco y su Charanga – Suavito
https://youtu.be/kIB3uEp024A

Rumberos de Cuba
https://youtu.be/HF3C2Df2JZ0

Alexei Shama Milán & Septeto Nacional – Echale Salsita (1991)
https://youtu.be/Lx3c3Ojgxxg

Celeste Mendoza, Carlos Embale y Septeto Nacional de Ignacio Pineiro (1964)
https://youtu.be/UVJZ3lf-AaY

Cal Tjader Quintet en la Mansión Playboy (1959)
https://youtu.be/haXEadVNXKk

Descarga Boricua – Que Humanidad
https://youtu.be/xxEkBN7IPMI

Rumba “Todos Estrellas” pt. 1
https://youtu.be/cFCqCUKncTA

Rumba “Todos Estrellas” pt. 2
https://youtu.be/BKMd53gcJYg

Tin Marín, Richie Ray & Bobby Cruz – A bailar que son dos días
https://youtu.be/1qfIU6P3mxg

Cortijo y su Combo – Juan José (1957)
https://youtu.be/tldGcGD7-t4

Los Muñequitos de Matanzas, en su barrio
https://youtu.be/FDEbEMTA2_I

Tito Puente – Take Five
https://youtu.be/El3lMf_Mfhc

 

 

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La Constitución de Cádiz de 1812

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Pepe El Borracho's constitution
Por conmemorarse el 19 de marzo un aniversario más de La Pepa.

La Constitución de Cádiz

por Olmedo Beluche

Uno de los pasajes menos conocidos del proceso social y político que derivó en la Independencia de Hispanoamérica ha sido la convocatoria y discusión de las Cortes de Cádiz (1810-1812), que redactaron la Constitución Política que lleva el nombre de esta ciudad, y que históricamente ha sido llamada “La Pepa”, por haber sido proclamada el 19 de marzo de 1812, día de San José. La Constitución de Cádiz fue la reordenación institucional más liberal del sistema político español, aunque se quedó a medio camino entre el absolutismo y el liberalismo consecuente, llegó tarde para evitar la Independencia, y tal vez la propició con sus medidas discriminatorias contra los americanos, además, tuvo una vida efímera, dada la resistencia de Fernando VII a ver limitados sus poderes.

La Constitución de Cádiz fue la primera constitución política moderna de Hispanoamérica. Lleva el nombre de esa ciudad porque en ella se reunieron, el 24 de septiembre de 1810, los diputados de las Cortes para redactarla debido a que el resto de España se encontraba bajo la ocupación militar francesa. Esta Constitución fue proclamada el 19 de marzo de 1812, y en ella se estableció un sistema político basado en una Monarquía constitucional, división de poderes del Estado, y garantías democráticas como la libertad de opinión, de imprenta, el debido proceso judicial, etc. La Constitución de Cádiz tuvo una vigencia corta, pero su influencia se percibe en las constituciones políticas españolas e hispanoamericanas, posteriores a la Independencia.

La ocupación francesa y la convocatoria a las Cortes de Cádiz

A partir de la ocupación francesa empieza un proceso revolucionario en toda España y América en el que, bajo el ropaje de resistencia al invasor y la defensa de Fernando VII como legítimo rey, se producen sublevaciones populares (como la del 2 de Mayo en Madrid), guerra de guerrillas y el surgimiento de nuevas formas de autogobierno municipal (Juntas) que, en el fondo eran la revolución burguesa española porque implicaban la ruptura del régimen absolutista precedente. Estos sucesos son conocidos en la historia de España como la “Guerra de la Independencia”.

Guerra que se extiende en dos fases. En la primera, el verano-otoño de 1808, en la que diversas ciudades y regiones se insurreccionan contra la ocupación francesa dirigidas por las Juntas de gobierno y fuerzas militares locales, sin coordinación nacional, pero que asestan importantes derrotas a los ocupantes. En la segunda, a partir de noviembre de 1808, hasta enero de 1809, Napoleón en persona asume las operaciones en España y al frente de la Grande Armeé (250.000 soldados) logra consolidar la ocupación.

En un principio el Consejo de Castilla, un organismo tradicional de la monarquía, en agosto de 1808, llama a desconocer las Abdicaciones de Bayona y convoca una reunión de las Cortes Generales, bajo el criterio tradicional del organismo estamental. Pero las Juntas Provinciales, encabezados por la Junta de Sevilla, organismos novedosos y revolucionarios, en choque con el Consejo de Castilla, exigen una convocatoria a Cortes rompiendo el criterio tradicional, y exigiendo que la representación atendiera a criterios demográficos y regionales. De esta manera, el 25 de septiembre de 1808, se instala en Aranjuez la Junta Central Gubernativa del Reino, intentado sostener un gobierno central contra la ocupación. Pero la Junta Central tuvo que moverse a Sevilla ante el avance de Napoleón y luego refugiarse en Cádiz a fines de 1809.

Pese a que el Consejo de Castilla había convocado a las Cortes desde agosto de 1808, y que la Junta Central había ratificado la convocatoria en septiembre de 1809, los vaivenes de la guerra y las disputas internas sobre el carácter de las Cortes y la forma de la representación retardaron su convocatoria formal hasta el 1 de enero de 1810, cuando la Junta Central dio paso a un gobierno constituido bajo el nombre de Consejo de Regencia cuyo contrapeso serían las propias Cortes.

“Desde este momento, españoles americanos, os veis elevados a la dignidad de hombres libres; no sois ya los mismos de antes, encorvados bajo un yugo mucho más duro, mientras más distantes estabais del centro del poder, mirados con indiferencia, vejados por la codicia y destruidos por la ignorancia. Tened presente que al pronunciar o escribir el nombre del que ha venir a representaros en el Congreso Nacional, vuestros destinos no dependen ya de los ministros, ni de los virreyes, ni de los gobernadores: están en vuestras manos”, dice el Consejo de Regencia desde Cádiz.

Esa convocatoria es la que dispara en América el proceso independentista, pues en ella, además de pedir que se enviaran delegados, se exhorta a crear en las capitales virreinales y capitanías generales Juntas de Gobierno con participación de los criollos como iguales en derechos ciudadanos que los peninsulares. Derecho éste que había sido negado hasta ese momento por las leyes de la monarquía absoluta, que había establecido un sistema de castas en las colonias en la que los únicos con plenos derechos políticos lo eran los nacidos en la Península Ibérica. Agudizó el conflicto en las ciudades americanas el hecho de que los virreyes intentaran ocultar la convocatoria del Consejo de Regencia, para no compartir el poder político con las Juntas que se proponían.

Esto motivó las primeras sublevaciones populares que desplazaron por la fuerza a los virreyes y gobernadores (a lo largo de 1810), e impusieron las Juntas de Gobierno criollas, todas jurando en un principio lealtad a Fernando VII y al Consejo de Regencia. Pero las victorias de las Juntas fueron relativas, ya que sectores realistas o absolutistas del ejército se hicieron fuertes en diversas ciudades y regiones, con lo que también se radicalizó el proceso en las ciudades que, un año después (1811), en medio de guerras civiles llevó al poder a sectores más radicales de capas medias que sí proclamaron la independencia completa de España. El estado de guerra civil se mantuvo aún bajo la restauración de Fernando VII (1814).

Un motivo de discordia, lo fue el hecho de que la convocatoria a estas Cortes se basó en el desigual criterio de que cada provincia peninsular tendría dos delegados, mientras que los Virreinatos y Capitanías se les pedía enviar un delegado. Esa resistencia de los españoles peninsulares, incluso los más liberales, a reconocer la completa igualdad a los españoles americanos se va a mantener durante los propios debates de las Cortes de Cádiz y se va a formalizar en la propia Constitución emanada de ellas. Esta actitud reforzará políticamente a los radicales independentistas de este lado del mar y debilitará a los moderados que pudieron sentirse cómodos con una monarquía constitucional.

Las reformas políticas de la Constitución de 1812

Su Artículo 1 define: “La Nación española es la reunión de todos los españoles de ambos hemisferios”, con lo cual deja abierta la posibilidad de salvar la integridad del Estado y evitar la Independencia de Hispanoamérica. Pero, como se ha dicho antes, llegó tarde, pues un año antes de su proclamación ya se había avanzado en la independencia absoluta en lugares como Caracas, Bogotá, Cartagena, México (con Hidalgo, aunque no formalmente), etc. Su Artículo 5 establece que son españoles: “Todos los hombres libres nacidos y avecinados en los dominios de España, y los hijos de éstos”; “los libertos desde que adquieran la libertad en las Españas”; lo cual reconoce a los criollos y mestizos la nacionalidad, pero no a los negros esclavos que eran muchos.

Sin embargo, al fijar la ciudadanía se hicieron las siguientes distinciones: “aquellos españoles que por ambas líneas tienen su origen en los dominios españoles de ambos hemisferios” (Art. 18); “A los españoles que por cualquier línea son habidos y reputados por originarios del África, les queda abierta la puerta de la virtud y del merecimiento para ser ciudadanos: en consecuencia las Cortes concederán carta de ciudadano a los que hicieren servicios calificados a la Patria, o a los que por su talento, aplicación, y conducta, con la condición de de que sean hijos de legítimo matrimonio de padres ingenuos; de que están casados con mujer ingenua, y avecinados en los dominios de las Españas, y de que ejerzan alguna profesión, oficio o industria útil con un capital propio” (Art. 22). Respecto al derecho al voto para escoger diputados se agrega: “Esta base es la población compuesta de los naturales que por ambas líneas sean originarios de los dominios españoles, y de aquellos que hayan obtenido en las Cortes carta de ciudadano…” (Art. 29).

El ejercicio de la ciudadanía se suspendía en casos como, entre otros (Art. 25): “En virtud de interdicción judicial por incapacidad física o moral”; “Por el estado de deudor quebrado, o de deudor de los caudales públicos”; “Por el estado de sirviente doméstico”; “Por no tener empleo, oficio o modo de vivir conocido”; “Por hallarse procesado criminalmente”; “Desde el año mil ochocientos treinta deberán saber leer y escribir…”.

Esta definición de ciudadanía no podía ser satisfactoria para los españoles americanos, tal vez salvo para aristocracia criolla, porque (además de dejar por fuera a las mujeres, algo común en la época para todos los países) dejaba por fuera del ejercicio de la ciudadanía a la mayoría de los mulatos de América, no sólo a los negros esclavos. Algunos autores opinan que esta medida discriminatoria se debía al temor de los liberales españoles de que se vieran rebasados en número de diputados provenientes de América.

En plano político la Constitución de Cádiz avanzó mucho más, como en la limitación de los poderes del Rey, partiendo de los siguientes principios: “La Nación española es libre e independiente, y no puede ser patrimonio de ninguna familia ni persona” (Art. 2); “La soberanía reside en la Nación, y por lo mismo pertenece a ésta exclusivamente el derecho de establecer las leyes”; “El objeto del Gobierno es la felicidad de la nación, puesto que el fin de toda sociedad política no es otro que el bienestar de los individuos que la componen” (Art. 13); “El Gobierno de la Nación española es una Monarquía moderada hereditaria” (Art. 14); “La potestad de hacer las leyes reside en las Cortes con el Rey” (Art. 15); “La potestad de hacer ejecutar las leyes reside en el Rey” (Art. 16); “La potestad de aplicar las leyes en las causas civiles y criminales reside en los tribunales establecidos por la ley” (Art. 17).

En algunos aspectos sociales se registraron conquistas democráticas, como por ejemplo en el Capítulo III: se estableció las bases del debido proceso, se prohibió la tortura, la confiscación de bienes, el traspaso a la familia de las sanciones, la inviolabilidad del domicilio, etc. El artículo 339 estableció que “Las contribuciones se repartirán entre todos los españoles con proporción a sus facultades, sin excepción ni privilegio alguno”. El artículo 366 estableció la educación pública para enseñar a “leer, escribir y contar” a los niños. El artículo 371 estableció el principio de la libertad de opinión e imprenta.

La restauración de Fernando VII y el final de la Constitución de 1812

Retornado a Madrid, en mayo de 1814, Fernando VII ordenó la disolución de las Cortes y la suspensión de la Constitución de 1812. En Hispanoamérica, ese año marcó la contraofensiva del absolutismo español que derivó en la derrota de los sectores más radicales que luchaban por la independencia. La durísima represión desatada por las fuerzas de la restauración, liquidarían las esperanzas de conquistar espacios democráticos bajo una monarquía constitucional española. Con ello se preparó el camino para que Simón Bolívar volviera de su exilio y culminara la Independencia del continente entre 1819 y 1825.

La Constitución de 1812 habría de ver un nuevo resurgimiento en 1820, con un alzamiento militar de las tropas preparadas para marchar a América a aplastar los últimos focos de resistencia independentista, que exigió a Fernando VII someterse a ella. La sublevación inició cerca de Sevilla, el 1 de enero de 1820, dirigida por el general Rafael del Riego, cubrió Andalucía y Galicia, hasta que una explosión popular en Madrid el 7 de marzo, pone en jaque al rey. El día 10 de marzo, éste emite el “Manifiesto del Rey a la Nación”, por el cual proclama: “Marchemos francamente, y yo el primero, por la senda constitucional”.

Fernando juró de esta manera someterse a la Constitución de 1812, abriendo un periodo liberal de tres años. Pero era un juramento falso, pues conspiró con los gobiernos más reaccionarios de Europa, agrupados en la Santa Alianza, para acabar con la “monarquía moderada” y restaurar el absolutismo. El 7 de abril de 1823, un ejército francés al mando del Duque de Angulema, y con el apoyo de la Santa Alianza, invadió España y restituyó los poderes conculcados a Fernando. El general del Riego, al igual que otros, moriría ahorcado en noviembre de ese año y con él la Constitución de 1812.

 

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Dinero

¿Wappin? The strange Panagringo usual / La extraña panagringo habitual

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Kali Uchis
Kali Uchis. Foto por David Brendan Hall.

A little bit new mixed in with the old
Una poquita nueva mezclada con la vieja

Velvet Underground – Femme Fatale
https://youtu.be/sFmfqx-IxTQ

Kali Uchis – Telepatía
https://youtu.be/bn_p95HbHoQ

Fleetwood Mac – Seven Wonders
https://youtu.be/0cle6IWpqCA

Son Miserables – Mirame
https://youtu.be/y6QGlLQBp_c

Janis Joplin – Ball and Chain
https://youtu.be/r5If816MhoU

Sech & Arcangel — Te Acuerdas
https://youtu.be/xzmVxaq_lmU

Niagara Detroit – I Died 1000 Times
https://youtu.be/jVHiR93bbvA

El Gringo de la Bachata – A Esos Hombres
https://youtu.be/jBMDtOrg5AI

Sam & Dave – Soothe Me
https://youtu.be/pq_1tFsnyMw

Bob Marley – Crazy Baldhead
https://youtu.be/BR0fQ6wJb6A

Nina Simone – Here Comes the Sun
https://youtu.be/1rCgM07uzq4

Mon Laferte – Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón
https://youtu.be/sx5LdR29YkM

Mad Professor & Aisha – Sainte Dub Club 2017
https://youtu.be/kyLaD3yKYRU

 

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Dinero

Prosecutors want to bring Martinelli gang to trial for graft, money laundering

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Ricky and Jonathan
Then US ambassador Jonathan Farrar listens to one of then Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli’s rants. What a job! The partial record we have is of an Obama administration that didn’t much like Martinelli but took few overt steps against him, and a Trump administration generally annoyed with all Panamanian presidents for failure to jump for him when commanded, while down the ranks of the Justice Department prosecutors had other notions about doing their jobs. US Embassy photo.

Trial of the century? We shall see

On March 19 Senior Organized Crime Prosecutor Emeldo Márquez announced that he had petitioned the judges of  oft-delayed, generally politically connected cases, the Third Liquidator Court, to bring 25 people to trial and drop charges against nine others, in connection with a series of 2010 transactions wherein it is alleged that Ricardo Martinelli bought control of the EPASA newspaper chain (El Panama America, La Critica and Dia a Dia) in large part with money derived from a series of overpriced government contracts in which part of the surcharge was kicked back and then laundered and transferred to an enterprise named New Business, which acquired the media company. The investigation, which has been ongoing for at least six years, has been delayed by a wide variety of obstacles interposed by phalanxes of lawyers and by the flight of several of the principals. A number of parties have turned state’s evidence. Márquez said that 30 percent of EPASA shares have been sequestered and deposited into the national treasury.

After the purchase of these and other media businesses, the Martinelli administration bolstered the properties’ value by way of large advertising purchases by government agencies. When the voters rejected his proxy re-election bid in 2014, that income source dried up and it’s believed that the EPASA papers are not very profitable now. But El Panama America and La Critica are central tools in Martinelli’s bid to be elected president again in 2024. This case could not only determine his eligibility to run for office, but also his ownership of a media empire.

The accused:

Ricardo Martinelli
Moussa Daniel Levy
Gonzálo Gómez
Daniel Ochy
David Ochy
Riccardo Francolini
Gabried Btesh
Mike Btesh
Danny Cohen
Iván Clare
West Valdés
Mayte Pellegrini
Mariel Rodríguez
Óscar Rodríguez
Henri Mizrachi
Aaron Mizrachi
Navin Bhakta
Tse Yum Ling
Felipe “Pipo” Virzi
Nicolás Corcione
 

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