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La Constitución de Cádiz de 1812

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Pepe El Borracho's constitution
Por conmemorarse el 19 de marzo un aniversario más de La Pepa.

La Constitución de Cádiz

por Olmedo Beluche

Uno de los pasajes menos conocidos del proceso social y político que derivó en la Independencia de Hispanoamérica ha sido la convocatoria y discusión de las Cortes de Cádiz (1810-1812), que redactaron la Constitución Política que lleva el nombre de esta ciudad, y que históricamente ha sido llamada “La Pepa”, por haber sido proclamada el 19 de marzo de 1812, día de San José. La Constitución de Cádiz fue la reordenación institucional más liberal del sistema político español, aunque se quedó a medio camino entre el absolutismo y el liberalismo consecuente, llegó tarde para evitar la Independencia, y tal vez la propició con sus medidas discriminatorias contra los americanos, además, tuvo una vida efímera, dada la resistencia de Fernando VII a ver limitados sus poderes.

La Constitución de Cádiz fue la primera constitución política moderna de Hispanoamérica. Lleva el nombre de esa ciudad porque en ella se reunieron, el 24 de septiembre de 1810, los diputados de las Cortes para redactarla debido a que el resto de España se encontraba bajo la ocupación militar francesa. Esta Constitución fue proclamada el 19 de marzo de 1812, y en ella se estableció un sistema político basado en una Monarquía constitucional, división de poderes del Estado, y garantías democráticas como la libertad de opinión, de imprenta, el debido proceso judicial, etc. La Constitución de Cádiz tuvo una vigencia corta, pero su influencia se percibe en las constituciones políticas españolas e hispanoamericanas, posteriores a la Independencia.

La ocupación francesa y la convocatoria a las Cortes de Cádiz

A partir de la ocupación francesa empieza un proceso revolucionario en toda España y América en el que, bajo el ropaje de resistencia al invasor y la defensa de Fernando VII como legítimo rey, se producen sublevaciones populares (como la del 2 de Mayo en Madrid), guerra de guerrillas y el surgimiento de nuevas formas de autogobierno municipal (Juntas) que, en el fondo eran la revolución burguesa española porque implicaban la ruptura del régimen absolutista precedente. Estos sucesos son conocidos en la historia de España como la “Guerra de la Independencia”.

Guerra que se extiende en dos fases. En la primera, el verano-otoño de 1808, en la que diversas ciudades y regiones se insurreccionan contra la ocupación francesa dirigidas por las Juntas de gobierno y fuerzas militares locales, sin coordinación nacional, pero que asestan importantes derrotas a los ocupantes. En la segunda, a partir de noviembre de 1808, hasta enero de 1809, Napoleón en persona asume las operaciones en España y al frente de la Grande Armeé (250.000 soldados) logra consolidar la ocupación.

En un principio el Consejo de Castilla, un organismo tradicional de la monarquía, en agosto de 1808, llama a desconocer las Abdicaciones de Bayona y convoca una reunión de las Cortes Generales, bajo el criterio tradicional del organismo estamental. Pero las Juntas Provinciales, encabezados por la Junta de Sevilla, organismos novedosos y revolucionarios, en choque con el Consejo de Castilla, exigen una convocatoria a Cortes rompiendo el criterio tradicional, y exigiendo que la representación atendiera a criterios demográficos y regionales. De esta manera, el 25 de septiembre de 1808, se instala en Aranjuez la Junta Central Gubernativa del Reino, intentado sostener un gobierno central contra la ocupación. Pero la Junta Central tuvo que moverse a Sevilla ante el avance de Napoleón y luego refugiarse en Cádiz a fines de 1809.

Pese a que el Consejo de Castilla había convocado a las Cortes desde agosto de 1808, y que la Junta Central había ratificado la convocatoria en septiembre de 1809, los vaivenes de la guerra y las disputas internas sobre el carácter de las Cortes y la forma de la representación retardaron su convocatoria formal hasta el 1 de enero de 1810, cuando la Junta Central dio paso a un gobierno constituido bajo el nombre de Consejo de Regencia cuyo contrapeso serían las propias Cortes.

“Desde este momento, españoles americanos, os veis elevados a la dignidad de hombres libres; no sois ya los mismos de antes, encorvados bajo un yugo mucho más duro, mientras más distantes estabais del centro del poder, mirados con indiferencia, vejados por la codicia y destruidos por la ignorancia. Tened presente que al pronunciar o escribir el nombre del que ha venir a representaros en el Congreso Nacional, vuestros destinos no dependen ya de los ministros, ni de los virreyes, ni de los gobernadores: están en vuestras manos”, dice el Consejo de Regencia desde Cádiz.

Esa convocatoria es la que dispara en América el proceso independentista, pues en ella, además de pedir que se enviaran delegados, se exhorta a crear en las capitales virreinales y capitanías generales Juntas de Gobierno con participación de los criollos como iguales en derechos ciudadanos que los peninsulares. Derecho éste que había sido negado hasta ese momento por las leyes de la monarquía absoluta, que había establecido un sistema de castas en las colonias en la que los únicos con plenos derechos políticos lo eran los nacidos en la Península Ibérica. Agudizó el conflicto en las ciudades americanas el hecho de que los virreyes intentaran ocultar la convocatoria del Consejo de Regencia, para no compartir el poder político con las Juntas que se proponían.

Esto motivó las primeras sublevaciones populares que desplazaron por la fuerza a los virreyes y gobernadores (a lo largo de 1810), e impusieron las Juntas de Gobierno criollas, todas jurando en un principio lealtad a Fernando VII y al Consejo de Regencia. Pero las victorias de las Juntas fueron relativas, ya que sectores realistas o absolutistas del ejército se hicieron fuertes en diversas ciudades y regiones, con lo que también se radicalizó el proceso en las ciudades que, un año después (1811), en medio de guerras civiles llevó al poder a sectores más radicales de capas medias que sí proclamaron la independencia completa de España. El estado de guerra civil se mantuvo aún bajo la restauración de Fernando VII (1814).

Un motivo de discordia, lo fue el hecho de que la convocatoria a estas Cortes se basó en el desigual criterio de que cada provincia peninsular tendría dos delegados, mientras que los Virreinatos y Capitanías se les pedía enviar un delegado. Esa resistencia de los españoles peninsulares, incluso los más liberales, a reconocer la completa igualdad a los españoles americanos se va a mantener durante los propios debates de las Cortes de Cádiz y se va a formalizar en la propia Constitución emanada de ellas. Esta actitud reforzará políticamente a los radicales independentistas de este lado del mar y debilitará a los moderados que pudieron sentirse cómodos con una monarquía constitucional.

Las reformas políticas de la Constitución de 1812

Su Artículo 1 define: “La Nación española es la reunión de todos los españoles de ambos hemisferios”, con lo cual deja abierta la posibilidad de salvar la integridad del Estado y evitar la Independencia de Hispanoamérica. Pero, como se ha dicho antes, llegó tarde, pues un año antes de su proclamación ya se había avanzado en la independencia absoluta en lugares como Caracas, Bogotá, Cartagena, México (con Hidalgo, aunque no formalmente), etc. Su Artículo 5 establece que son españoles: “Todos los hombres libres nacidos y avecinados en los dominios de España, y los hijos de éstos”; “los libertos desde que adquieran la libertad en las Españas”; lo cual reconoce a los criollos y mestizos la nacionalidad, pero no a los negros esclavos que eran muchos.

Sin embargo, al fijar la ciudadanía se hicieron las siguientes distinciones: “aquellos españoles que por ambas líneas tienen su origen en los dominios españoles de ambos hemisferios” (Art. 18); “A los españoles que por cualquier línea son habidos y reputados por originarios del África, les queda abierta la puerta de la virtud y del merecimiento para ser ciudadanos: en consecuencia las Cortes concederán carta de ciudadano a los que hicieren servicios calificados a la Patria, o a los que por su talento, aplicación, y conducta, con la condición de de que sean hijos de legítimo matrimonio de padres ingenuos; de que están casados con mujer ingenua, y avecinados en los dominios de las Españas, y de que ejerzan alguna profesión, oficio o industria útil con un capital propio” (Art. 22). Respecto al derecho al voto para escoger diputados se agrega: “Esta base es la población compuesta de los naturales que por ambas líneas sean originarios de los dominios españoles, y de aquellos que hayan obtenido en las Cortes carta de ciudadano…” (Art. 29).

El ejercicio de la ciudadanía se suspendía en casos como, entre otros (Art. 25): “En virtud de interdicción judicial por incapacidad física o moral”; “Por el estado de deudor quebrado, o de deudor de los caudales públicos”; “Por el estado de sirviente doméstico”; “Por no tener empleo, oficio o modo de vivir conocido”; “Por hallarse procesado criminalmente”; “Desde el año mil ochocientos treinta deberán saber leer y escribir…”.

Esta definición de ciudadanía no podía ser satisfactoria para los españoles americanos, tal vez salvo para aristocracia criolla, porque (además de dejar por fuera a las mujeres, algo común en la época para todos los países) dejaba por fuera del ejercicio de la ciudadanía a la mayoría de los mulatos de América, no sólo a los negros esclavos. Algunos autores opinan que esta medida discriminatoria se debía al temor de los liberales españoles de que se vieran rebasados en número de diputados provenientes de América.

En plano político la Constitución de Cádiz avanzó mucho más, como en la limitación de los poderes del Rey, partiendo de los siguientes principios: “La Nación española es libre e independiente, y no puede ser patrimonio de ninguna familia ni persona” (Art. 2); “La soberanía reside en la Nación, y por lo mismo pertenece a ésta exclusivamente el derecho de establecer las leyes”; “El objeto del Gobierno es la felicidad de la nación, puesto que el fin de toda sociedad política no es otro que el bienestar de los individuos que la componen” (Art. 13); “El Gobierno de la Nación española es una Monarquía moderada hereditaria” (Art. 14); “La potestad de hacer las leyes reside en las Cortes con el Rey” (Art. 15); “La potestad de hacer ejecutar las leyes reside en el Rey” (Art. 16); “La potestad de aplicar las leyes en las causas civiles y criminales reside en los tribunales establecidos por la ley” (Art. 17).

En algunos aspectos sociales se registraron conquistas democráticas, como por ejemplo en el Capítulo III: se estableció las bases del debido proceso, se prohibió la tortura, la confiscación de bienes, el traspaso a la familia de las sanciones, la inviolabilidad del domicilio, etc. El artículo 339 estableció que “Las contribuciones se repartirán entre todos los españoles con proporción a sus facultades, sin excepción ni privilegio alguno”. El artículo 366 estableció la educación pública para enseñar a “leer, escribir y contar” a los niños. El artículo 371 estableció el principio de la libertad de opinión e imprenta.

La restauración de Fernando VII y el final de la Constitución de 1812

Retornado a Madrid, en mayo de 1814, Fernando VII ordenó la disolución de las Cortes y la suspensión de la Constitución de 1812. En Hispanoamérica, ese año marcó la contraofensiva del absolutismo español que derivó en la derrota de los sectores más radicales que luchaban por la independencia. La durísima represión desatada por las fuerzas de la restauración, liquidarían las esperanzas de conquistar espacios democráticos bajo una monarquía constitucional española. Con ello se preparó el camino para que Simón Bolívar volviera de su exilio y culminara la Independencia del continente entre 1819 y 1825.

La Constitución de 1812 habría de ver un nuevo resurgimiento en 1820, con un alzamiento militar de las tropas preparadas para marchar a América a aplastar los últimos focos de resistencia independentista, que exigió a Fernando VII someterse a ella. La sublevación inició cerca de Sevilla, el 1 de enero de 1820, dirigida por el general Rafael del Riego, cubrió Andalucía y Galicia, hasta que una explosión popular en Madrid el 7 de marzo, pone en jaque al rey. El día 10 de marzo, éste emite el “Manifiesto del Rey a la Nación”, por el cual proclama: “Marchemos francamente, y yo el primero, por la senda constitucional”.

Fernando juró de esta manera someterse a la Constitución de 1812, abriendo un periodo liberal de tres años. Pero era un juramento falso, pues conspiró con los gobiernos más reaccionarios de Europa, agrupados en la Santa Alianza, para acabar con la “monarquía moderada” y restaurar el absolutismo. El 7 de abril de 1823, un ejército francés al mando del Duque de Angulema, y con el apoyo de la Santa Alianza, invadió España y restituyó los poderes conculcados a Fernando. El general del Riego, al igual que otros, moriría ahorcado en noviembre de ese año y con él la Constitución de 1812.

 

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Dinero

¿Wappin? The strange Panagringo usual / La extraña panagringo habitual

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Kali Uchis
Kali Uchis. Foto por David Brendan Hall.

A little bit new mixed in with the old
Una poquita nueva mezclada con la vieja

Velvet Underground – Femme Fatale
https://youtu.be/sFmfqx-IxTQ

Kali Uchis – Telepatía
https://youtu.be/bn_p95HbHoQ

Fleetwood Mac – Seven Wonders
https://youtu.be/0cle6IWpqCA

Son Miserables – Mirame
https://youtu.be/y6QGlLQBp_c

Janis Joplin – Ball and Chain
https://youtu.be/r5If816MhoU

Sech & Arcangel — Te Acuerdas
https://youtu.be/xzmVxaq_lmU

Niagara Detroit – I Died 1000 Times
https://youtu.be/jVHiR93bbvA

El Gringo de la Bachata – A Esos Hombres
https://youtu.be/jBMDtOrg5AI

Sam & Dave – Soothe Me
https://youtu.be/pq_1tFsnyMw

Bob Marley – Crazy Baldhead
https://youtu.be/BR0fQ6wJb6A

Nina Simone – Here Comes the Sun
https://youtu.be/1rCgM07uzq4

Mon Laferte – Se Me Va A Quemar El Corazón
https://youtu.be/sx5LdR29YkM

Mad Professor & Aisha – Sainte Dub Club 2017
https://youtu.be/kyLaD3yKYRU

 

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vote final

 
 
Dinero

Prosecutors want to bring Martinelli gang to trial for graft, money laundering

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Ricky and Jonathan
Then US ambassador Jonathan Farrar listens to one of then Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli’s rants. What a job! The partial record we have is of an Obama administration that didn’t much like Martinelli but took few overt steps against him, and a Trump administration generally annoyed with all Panamanian presidents for failure to jump for him when commanded, while down the ranks of the Justice Department prosecutors had other notions about doing their jobs. US Embassy photo.

Trial of the century? We shall see

On March 19 Senior Organized Crime Prosecutor Emeldo Márquez announced that he had petitioned the judges of  oft-delayed, generally politically connected cases, the Third Liquidator Court, to bring 25 people to trial and drop charges against nine others, in connection with a series of 2010 transactions wherein it is alleged that Ricardo Martinelli bought control of the EPASA newspaper chain (El Panama America, La Critica and Dia a Dia) in large part with money derived from a series of overpriced government contracts in which part of the surcharge was kicked back and then laundered and transferred to an enterprise named New Business, which acquired the media company. The investigation, which has been ongoing for at least six years, has been delayed by a wide variety of obstacles interposed by phalanxes of lawyers and by the flight of several of the principals. A number of parties have turned state’s evidence. Márquez said that 30 percent of EPASA shares have been sequestered and deposited into the national treasury.

After the purchase of these and other media businesses, the Martinelli administration bolstered the properties’ value by way of large advertising purchases by government agencies. When the voters rejected his proxy re-election bid in 2014, that income source dried up and it’s believed that the EPASA papers are not very profitable now. But El Panama America and La Critica are central tools in Martinelli’s bid to be elected president again in 2024. This case could not only determine his eligibility to run for office, but also his ownership of a media empire.

The accused:

Ricardo Martinelli
Moussa Daniel Levy
Gonzálo Gómez
Daniel Ochy
David Ochy
Riccardo Francolini
Gabried Btesh
Mike Btesh
Danny Cohen
Iván Clare
West Valdés
Mayte Pellegrini
Mariel Rodríguez
Óscar Rodríguez
Henri Mizrachi
Aaron Mizrachi
Navin Bhakta
Tse Yum Ling
Felipe “Pipo” Virzi
Nicolás Corcione
 

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US intelligence report on foreign intervention in the 2020 US elections

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They are SPIES! Take them away...
Understand a few things while reading this report. US intelligence folks may have military positions or may be political appointees, but mostly they are civil servants. In either case the tasks they perform were generally ordered by civilian politicians. This report was prepared for public consumption given the current political climate and reflects the concerns of that environment. The activities of America’s allies, some of which clearly interfered, are not covered here. There is great secrecy, and many conspiracies come from this realm. But there is no evil spymaster out to control the world and what you eat for lunch. However, the CIA does pay attention to food and famine issues and as an institution would rather that you didn’t take up arms against the United States because you don’t have enough to eat.

What the spooks say

Read the unclassified US intelligence report on foreign interference in last year’s US federal elections in PDF format by clicking here.

 

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Horacio Valdés, ¡PRESENTE!

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HV
Cantautor, también abogado, Horacio Valdés. Gráfico del Twitter de Morgan & Morgan.

La pérdida de la escena del rock panameño

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Dinero

Fiscales piden llevar a juicio a 25 por esquema de soborno Martinelista

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charge

Pasos previos en la investigación a lo largo de los años

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Dinero

Editorials: Tourism NOW? and Democrats Abroad Panama hits a restart button

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protest
Labor protesters outside the PARLATINO building in Amador, where “talks” about the Social Security Fund are ongoing. Inside? The other main faction of Panama’s labor movement was walking out. The delegation from the opposition Panameñista Party also walked out. Some of the business leaders and ruling party delegates who have a lock the mix of increased worker contributions, reduced pensions and elimination of pension rights for new categories of people that they choose have become bored and stopped attending. On a recent day’s online broadcast of the session, 11 people tuned in. When the “reforms” are jammed through, there are likely to be a lot of people protesting in the streets. We might even get airport workers on strike. So how would THAT help revive a  tourism economy that hangs on by the slimmest thread?

Tourism development – can you believe it? SHOULD you?

Any substantial resumption of cruise ships calling at Panama, or of planes full of vacationers coming into Panama, will not happen soon. Doing away with health restrictions in reckless ways, so that COVID infections start going up again, will make things worse. Massive lying around on the beach tourism isn’t going to provide a boost to Panama’s economy anytime soon.

The advice that the Chamber of Commerce gives is not only the most irresponsible importation of Trump notions with respect to the epidemic, it’s also in the educational sphere an assertion of privilege that ensures a sharp uptick in kids left out of school, never to come back. THAT, in turn, is likely to increase the numbers of adolescent boys and young men attracted to the idea of getting dinner by mugging tourists – a well-known recipe for the destruction of tourism economies.

Let’s not, however, give up to gloom any more than to foolishness. There are things that can be done NOW, to create jobs NOW, and leave us with a stronger tourism sector in years to come:

• Sports fishing, bird watching, whale and dolphin watching, diving and small-scale visiting in or adjacent to our wild areas are activities that pose lesser and more controllable disease risks and should be the first tourism sectors to bring back into more normal operation.

• There is a tremendous amount of infrastructure work that would boost tourism and serve other national needs. The same lack that keeps kids in the remote areas out of connection with online schooling also makes many of our national parks and wilderness areas out of cell phone range for tourists in distress. So why not put people to work and carry out the old unkept promise of full national coverage for our wireless telecommunications systems? If climate change spells the eventual end of the internal combustion engine, electric vehicles will be most of the replacement, but why can’t we invest now in a national bicycle path system that tourists would like to use and that would become part of the daily commute for plenty of working Panamanians? How about restoring hard-pressed coastal fisheries and promoting dive tourism by creating and protecting new artificial coral reefs, and by restoring the mangrove forests where a lot of fish and mollusks breed?


For less money than what’s demanded to save lost bets on would-be five-star hotels, we could be creating jobs now and making good long-term investments in Panamanian tourism.

 

An impression from one of our yesteryears. Democrats argue. But we have also come together and won.

Democrats Abroad….

The editor is vice chair of Democrats Abroad Panama, and in the wake of the 2020 US elections was thinking in terms of stepping back, maybe to an at-large board position, maybe to just being another volunteer. The epidemic has been a great reminder of Charles de Gaulle’s injunction: “Don’t think of yourself as indispensable or infallible. The cemeteries of the world are full of indispensable men.” And then, look around contemporary Latin America, or consider the region’s history, and know ye well how destructive and self-destructive the urge to be a caudillo usually turns out to be. The editor has been Democrats Abroad Panama chair and has no desire to be party boss for life.

But the local Democrats have — in the editor’s opinion — fallen into the thrall of persons and ideas which we should not have, and it got us into a false start on this year’s country chapter officer and board elections. After some acrimony, a restart button of sorts was pushed at a March 14 by email board meeting. Whether on the next try things will be sorted out in more suitable fashion depends on local Democrats. We shall see.

The choice will be up to the more than 500 local Democrats Abroad members. If you are a Democrat living in Panama and you are not a member, you can join online at https://www.democratsabroad.org/join.

The election that was to be held on March 31 is now rescheduled for April 28. Voting will be by Google ballots sent out to the members. The deadline to declare one’s candidacy or nominate someone else (with his or her consent) was set for March 16 but now it’s March 26. There will be an additional period for people to jump into or drop out of the race. To be elected to two-year terms will be Chair, Vice Chair, Secretary, Treasurer and three At-Large Board Members.

These new officers and board members will guide the local Democrats into what promises to be a bruising uphill fight to hold onto the US House of Representatives and gain a working majority in the US Senate. A lot of state, local and special elections this year are likely to have a major impact upon whom Democrats choose to run for what in 2022. Join. Participate. You are not such a doofus as to have to leave everything to someone else.

 

               Fervor is the weapon of choice for the impotent.

Frantz Fanon               

Bear in mind…

 

We are here, not because we are law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers.

Emmeline Pankhurst

 

O Lord, help me to be pure, but not yet.

Saint Augustine

 

Censorship, like charity, should begin at home; but, unlike charity, it should end there.

Clare Booth Luce

 

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Jayapal, Dingell, 112 co-sponsors introduce Medicare for All Act

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nurses
“A system that prioritizes profits over patients and ties coverage to employment was no match for a global pandemic and will never meet the needs of our people.” On March 17, 2021 Representatives Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) and Debbie Dingell (D-MI) introduced the Medicare for All Act of 2021. Photo by National Nurses United.

“Everyone In, Nobody Out”

by Brett Wilkins — Common Dreams

Affirming that healthcare is a basic human right and that people must come before profits, Reps. Pramila Jayapal and Debbie Dingell introduced the Medicare for All Act of 2021 on Wednesday, exactly one year after the first coronavirus cases were confirmed in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia.

Jayapal (D-WA) and Dingell (D-MI) unveiled the landmark legislation at a virtual town hall Wednesday afternoon, where they highlighted the devastating effects of a virus that has killed more than 537,000 people in the United States while leaving millions more uninsured due to pandemic-related job loss and underemployment.

The billbacked by a record 112 House co-sponsors — guarantees healthcare to every US resident as a human right. It provides comprehensive benefits including primary care, vision, dental, prescription drugs, mental health, long-term services and supports, reproductive healthcare, and other services. It eliminates copays and private insurance premiums.

 

“Our movement is growing,” Jayapal said at the opening of the town hall. “We are joining together at this pivotal moment for healthcare across America. It was exactly one year ago that every single state across this country had a confirmed Covid-19 case, and in the 365 days since, the case for Medicare for All has never been clearer.”

In a statement introducing the bill, Jayapal noted that the country is currently experiencing the highest increase in uninsured people ever recorded.

“While this devastating pandemic is shining a bright light on our broken, for-profit healthcare system, we were already leaving nearly half of all adults under the age of 65 uninsured or underinsured before Covid-19 hit,” said Jayapal. “And we were cruelly doing so while paying more per capita for healthcare than any other country in the world.”

On Tuesday, the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen published a report showing that around 40% of US Covid-19 infections and 33% of virus deaths are attributable to a lack of adequate health insurance coverage. At the onset of the pandemic, around 87 million Americans were uninsured or underinsured.

“There is a solution to this health crisis — a popular one that guarantees healthcare to every person as a human right and finally puts people over profits and care over corporations,” said Jayapal. “That solution is Medicare for All — everyone in, nobody out — and I am proud to introduce it today alongside a powerful movement across America.”

“The #MedicareForAll Act of 2021 is a win for seniors…

With Medicare for All, healthcare costs will no longer consume over 40% of the average Social Security benefit.” https://socialsecurityworks.org/2021/03/17/seniors-need-medicare-for-all/

— SocialSecurityWorks (@SSWorks) March 17, 2021

Dingell said in a statement that “a system that prioritizes profits over patients and ties coverage to employment was no match for a global pandemic and will never meet the needs of our people.”

“In the wealthiest nation on Earth, patients should not be launching GoFundMe pages to afford lifesaving healthcare for themselves or their loved ones,” she asserted. “Medicare For All will build an inclusive healthcare system that won’t just open the door to care for millions of our neighbors, but do it more efficiently and effectively than the one we have today.”

“Now is not the time to shy away from these generational fights,” stressed Dingell, “it is the time for action.”

Representatives of the more than 300 local, state, and national organizations endorsing the bill agreed.

“Physicians cannot give patients the care they need in a fractured and profit-driven system,” said Dr. Susan Rogers, a Chicago-based internal medicine physician and president of Physicians for a National Health Plan (PNHP), in a statement. “For too long, doctors have watched helplessly as our patients delayed or skipped needed care — even walked out of our hospital doors — because they could not afford to pay.”

“We can’t let Congress sit on their hands while our patients suffer and die needlessly,” added Rogers. “It’s time to invest in a system that is designed to improve health outcomes, not profit margins. It’s time for single-payer Medicare for All.”

Nurses have fought for decades to protect our patients from deadly corporate greed by organizing to win a #SinglePayer health care system.

We are proud to continue that fight in California with #CalCare, and nationally with the newly introduced Medicare for All Act of 2021. https://twitter.com/CalNurses/status/1372228359627927560

— California Nurses (@CalNurses) March 17, 2021

Connie Huynh, healthcare for all director at the community organizing network People’s Action, said in a statement that “everyone deserves healthcare — pandemic or not — and Medicare for All can get us there… We need Congress to put people before profits and support Medicare for All.”

Public Citizen president Robert Weissman said in a statement that “after Covid-19, there is simply no excuse for the United States not to adopt Medicare for All and join all other rich countries by treating healthcare as a right.”

“Amid the worst acute public health crisis in generations, the current insurance system failed massively,” said Weissman. “Millions lost their health insurance and health insurer profits soared.”

“A health system that has long exhibited severe racial bias met a pandemic that viciously exacerbated racial inequality throughout society,” he continued. “The result was the shocking racial disparities of Covid-19, with blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans dying at twice the rate of whites.”

“A decent nation can no longer tolerate such injustice,” added Weissman. “The time for Medicare for All is now.”

Longtime single-payer healthcare advocate Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) concurs. On Tuesday, his spokesperson Mike Casca told the Washington Post that the democratic socialist “will soon introduce Medicare for All legislation in the Senate.”

 

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Ceol Lá Fhéile Pádraig ~ Happy St. Patrick’s Day

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Ireland
Irish republican mural showing Bobby Sands, Winifred Carney and Wolfe Tone, in Belfast. Photo by Keresaspa.

It’s St. Patrick’s Day

Máireád Nesbitt & Nathan Pacheco – To Bring Them Home
https://youtu.be/twWRQcHJgJY

Julie Fowlis – Dh’èirich mi moch madainn cheòthar
https://youtu.be/oZEhc3j2t8I

Paddy Reilly – Fields of Athenry
https://youtu.be/Zr1rzSSMsac

Hozier – Take Me To Church
https://youtu.be/PVjiKRfKpPI

Pádraig Mór & Sean Lyons – Song for Marcella
https://youtu.be/cGKPX67xAwQ

In Tua Nua – Don’t Fear Me Now
https://youtu.be/5Kd7j5pDMxQ

Sarah Copus – Óró, sé do bheatha ‘bhaile
https://youtu.be/yy_VMNVUpyA

Sinéad O’Connor & The Chieftains – The Foggy Dew
https://youtu.be/yaS3vaNUYgs

Choral Scholars of University College Dublin – Mo Ghille Mear
https://youtu.be/zxjvNUNXhkU

Enya – Echoes in Rain
https://youtu.be/8DDHulO485k

The Corrs – Erin Shore
https://youtu.be/Nb5voqe5C8Q

Aoife Scott – St. Patrick’s Day Concert
https://youtu.be/m7O0So8fMFM

 

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Francisco Goya at the Met

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Goya
“Here comes the bogeyman.”

Human Folly and the Nature of Evil:
Goya at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

by Sam Ben-Meir

Perhaps what is most startling about the etchings of Francisco Goya, presently on view at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, is the artist’s intensity of focus, his obsession with understanding the nature of human evil. Goya was a child of the Enlightenment, and he knew what it was to see humanity as the pinnacle of creation, the paragon of animals, the embodiment of reason, “in form and understanding how like a god?” as Hamlet would say. Yet this same creature, the light of reason in the world, was capable of the most barbaric cruelty. In one series after another Goya’s etchings attempt to grasp the universality of evil, to see it as an essentially human problem to be understood in terms of our capacity for moral choice. Evil is universally human, for Goya – a propensity in human beings that is at once basic and inextinguishable.

Among the exhibition’s opening prints are works from a series based on paintings by the Spanish artist Diego Velázquez, including “A Court Jester, El Primo” (1778) – and like his venerated predecessor, Goya emphasizes his subject’s interiority; even going beyond Velázquez in his accentuation of El Primo’s penetrating, and rather defiant gaze.

The “Garroted Man” (ca 1775-78) is an important piece in that it indicates the humanitarian concerns that would return with full force in the Disasters of War series, created between 1810 and 1820. Goya has removed from the image anything that could draw the viewer’s attention away from the man who has just been strangulated – he sits with his legs outstretched, his eyes swollen and shut, and his back against a wooden post, outfitted with a lever to choke the life out of him.

Francisco Goya’s Los Caprichos, created between 1793 and 1798, is one of the most astonishing achievements in the history of printmaking. The series of eighty aquatint etchings, published in 1799, may be said to constitute and convey a pessimistic appraisal of the human condition. There is little if any relief from its frank, uninhibited exploration and depiction of human folly, error, and superstition. If there is any hope of salvation, it lies in the unity of reason with the infinite fecundity of human imagination.

The Caprichos can be fiercely critical of Bourbon Spain, underscoring the pervasive hypocrisy, corruption and ignorance; made only worse by the “Lamentable abuse of early education,” as he writes in the caption to plate three, entitled “Here comes the bogeyman.” Goya included ironic, satirical, or ambiguous captions to accompany each of the eighty prints – generally reflecting his disillusionment and increasing bitterness towards a world he saw slipping into chaos and confusion.

In plate twelve, “Out hunting for teeth,” we find Goya’s first reference to witchcraft, a theme which would recur and develop as the series progressed. A woman is attempting to pluck the teeth from the dangling corpse of a hanged man, as these were popularly believed to possess magical properties: “without this ingredient there’s not much you can do,” as Goya writes with typically biting irony. Once again, the poverty of education allows the common people, and women in particular, to continue to “believe such nonsense.”

Goya explicitly and vehemently rebukes the Spanish Inquisition in the twenty-third plate’s depiction of an auto-da-fé, beginning and ending his caption with the same two words, Mal hecho, (“For shame!”). A condemned woman sits atop a raised platform, her head bowed in abject humiliation: during such ceremonies of public penance the accused would wear a capirote, a pointed hat of conical form indicating their supposed crimes. This ritual was generally followed by the execution of the heretic, by public burning or some other suitably horrific method.

Plate forty-three, “The sleep of reason produces monsters,” is among the most recognizable images of the entire series: a figure, presumably the artist himself, cradles his head, face down, within his folded arms, in an attitude of profound anguish and desolation. Surrounding him are a frightful bevy of nocturnal creatures, owls, bats, and felines. Goya himself was no stranger to severe depression, undoubtedly exacerbated by repeated bouts of severe illness which left him essentially deaf at the age of 46.

Witches and witchcraft, sorcery and supernatural creatures are recurring themes and Goya does not flinch from examining the darkest corners of the human mind, the nightmarish, and what we might call metaphysical evil. Plate forty-five, “There is plenty to suck” reveals a basketful of dead infants whose life has been “sucked” out of them by two witches or vampires, who are now taking a pinch of snuff after their ghastly meal. This is an especially striking example of Goya’s exploration of what we may call the horror of evil.

Plate sixty-four, “Bon Voyage” offers perhaps the darkest vision of the entire series, a group of witches and demons swoop through the nighttime fog carried on the back of a loathsome creature with human legs, batlike wings, and one of Goya’s most terrifying of faces – turning the scene into something at once spellbinding, dreadful and appalling to behold. The series concludes with the return of dawn in Plate eighty, “It is time” – as we see four men in ecclesiastical robes stretch and yawn; but their deformed and distorted features remind us that, for Goya, it is the corrupted and fraudulent clergy who are the true witches and hobgoblins.

Evil is something real and substantial for Goya. He rejects the long-held belief that evil is nothing in itself, mere privation, an absence of being. Saint Augustine for example would argue that evil lacked any positive reality of its own. As he states in Book XI, Chapter nine of City of God: “[Evil] is not a positive substance: the loss of good has been given the name ‘evil’.” Augustine’s notion of evil as a negation or mere lack of being predominated well into the modern era, and indeed may be seen to linger on to this day. But it is far from perfect and seems to fly in the face of abundant experience to the contrary. In “God save us from such a bitter fate,” (1816-20) a bandit has seized on a young woman and boy and is leading them away to meet a cruel end, underscored by the exaggerated use of the dagger which he keeps pointed at his victims.

The horror we register in facing evil arises from realizing far from being a mere absence of being, evil overruns, it spills over; not simply because it can be awful and unendurable, but because, as Goya is well aware, we cannot adequately comprehend evil. Like Shakespeare, Goya sees evil as something existing in itself – indeed, the horror of evil arises precisely from its excess. It overflows and refuses to be contained by or integrated into our categories of reason or comprehension. By its very nature, evil refuses to remain within prescribed bounds – to remain fixed, say, within an economy where evil is counterbalanced by good. Evil is always excess of evil.

Nowhere is this more evident than in war. Goya offers us a profound and sustained meditation on the nature of war that does more than anticipate Sherman’s dictum that war is hell. The image of a Napoleonic soldier gazing indifferently on a man who has been summarily hanged, probably by his own belt, expresses the tragedy of war – its dehumanization of both war’s victims and victors. War destroys the bonds of our shared humanity. Goya was a witness to the scenes he portrays and part of his aim is documenting history, rescuing the fallen and the defeated from the oblivion of time. “Cartloads to the cemetery” (1812-14) is one of several prints that Goya devoted to Madrid’s 1811-12 famine, during which some fifteen percent of the city’s population died. Even in invoking the anonymity of mass burials, Goya does not lose sight of the individual, unique and irreplaceable.

There are moments when Goya appears almost ready to despair – for example, in plate seventy-nine, “Truth has died” (1814-15), we see a radiant young woman – the personification of Truth – lying lifeless on the ground. In its companion piece, however, plate eighty, “Will she rise again?” the young woman has opened her eyes and light appears to be streaming from her to the anger and amazement of those around her. The enticement to evil is indeed a defining characteristic of the human condition; but Goya is unwilling to despair, even amidst the darkness of war – the child of the Enlightenment holds out hope in the final victory of Truth, and Imagination united with Reason.

Sam Ben-Meir is a professor of philosophy and world religions at Mercy College in New York City.

 

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