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Editorials: “Crystal generation?” and Is Biden’s package too big, or too small?

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teach
Graphic from a growing alliance of teachers and other school employees who are set to resist classrooms full of unvaccinated people, responding to the archbishop’s epithet.

The archbishop mocks the youth

What a shame that the new generations of technology and those that we have raised, are generations of crystal that are being educated for a prospective life, as if this life were to be permanent on this Earth.

Archbishop Ulloa

Is he going to blow off the younger generations, blow off those who use their educations to take critical views of the world around them and its perils and promises, blow off those housed to his institution’s profit and public expense in SENNIAF facilities? Yeah, well.

All we learned, we knew before. The man tends to side with wealth and power, to put the finances of his institution before the needs of most of the congregation he leads.

None of us are forever, and he isn’t either. Maybe the next generation of Panamanian church leaders will prize transparency, candor and justice more than he does, and be less impressed by those whose embrace of worldly vices has been so very profitable.

Young people should not be expected to quietly sacrifice present-day justice, their futures, their progeny and planet Earth itself for the sake of their elders’ follies.

 

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The unit prices of Sidewinder, AMRAAM, and HARM missiles as per US DoD’s official 2021 Fiscal Year budget document. So you want to consider the multiplier effects, positive and negative? On the positive side, there are folks who make these and they get paid, with the execs and shareholders generally not investing into anything that creates jobs, but employees paying for food, housing, the things they like to buy – and thus creating jobs for those who make or sell those things. On the negative side, they are single-use. BOOOM!!! But that’s not the end of it. That suspected terrorist who was at the wedding party that was rocketed? Maybe they got him and perhaps you want to score that as a gain. The late bride’s 12-year-old nephew who survived with only slight wounds because he was standing a ways back from where the rocket hit? Many may be the costs of the burning desire for revenge, even if the expense of dealing with his PTSD may be “externalized” to “the enemy.” And then there are the propaganda costs of telling the American people that it never happened, imprisoning whistleblowers who demonstrate that it certainly did, and telling that kid and many more like him to get over it. Graphic from Real Air War.

Is it too much? Is it too little?

Three trillion US dollars is an awful lot of money. The amount is comparable to the special tax breaks given to large corporations and the very rich by this past Republican administration.

Compared, however, to the losses over 50 years of US industrial decline, three trillion bucks isn’t very much. Nor is it all that much if you consider the cost of constant US warfare, which include wars in places where, far from being authorized by Congressional declarations of war, the existence and places of the conflicts are often top secrets that most members of Congress are not allowed to know, let alone the American people. It’s less than the US subsidies given to the oil industry, any way you want to count it. It’s three years worth of US coal subsidies.

Out THOSE thing, however, and the companies and owners taking the cut in subsidies and tax breaks are likely to stop giving so much to politicians who have failed to do their bidding. There would be not only smaller campaign coffers, but the costs of makeovers into “man of the people” – or woman of the people – images for those who intend to continue in Congress.

All of which comparisons, however, ought to be beside the main point. Does the US economy need to fix up or replace roads and bridges that already exist but are so deteriorated that soon they may become unusable ruins? Does the USA need a lot of electric vehicle charging stations for the evolving worldwide low-carbon economy? Do Americans need a new cellular power grid to stop wasting power that’s generated and just dissipates in the antiquated power lines? Is there a need for nationwide broadband to bring areas without it into the modern economy? Do US schools need extensive physical renovations?

Those things are needed. They aren’t luxuries. They aren’t boondoggles. Those are remedies for decades of neglect.

And do we need to put Americans back to work at jobs that pay well and enhance the overall economy, and while doing it spend money on a better educated work force? For some senior citizens, not at all! They got theirs, and they finished their educations years ago, and have no need to look at a book again. Will we hear them complain about the dumb help when they get sent to a nursing home to die?

So, looking to the left side of the spectrum, not enough?

Of course not. Can the USA remain competitive in the world if it has no international project to match or better China’s Belt and Road Initiative other than to bully countries like Panama for doing business with the Chinese? Can the Americas feed themselves without restoring and protecting the fisheries of an ocean planet? Can the US agricultural heartlands remain such if water supplies are contaminated by fracking and leaky oil pipelines? Can the red state / blue state divide be healed if there are still vast areas of “flyover country,” so cut off from transportation, economic opportunities and communications that all the young people who can do so leave to seek their fortunes elsewhere?

Joe Biden’s current package barely touches most of those needs, which will also be expensive to meet. (Even more expensive in the long run would be to pretend that these needs don’t exist.) Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortéz is absolutely right that the current proposal isn’t enough. It’s just an initial payment.

Candor can spur some furious reactions, but only in twisted political times does candor get treated as a punishable offense. AOC told us the truth, which doesn’t mean that she’s leading a charge against Joe Biden’s $3 trillion package.

 

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          Justice cannot be for one side alone, but must be for both.

Eleanor Roosevelt          

 

Bear in mind…

The truth is not simply what you think it is; it is also the circumstances in which it is said, and to whom, why and how it is said.

Vaclav Havel

The truth is the kindest thing we can give folks in the end.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

The point of living and of being an optimist, is to be foolish enough to believe the best is yet to come.

Peter Ustinov

 

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Los árboles tropicales más grandes y el cambio climático

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roots
Los científicos piensan que el cambio climático puede tener un mayor impacto en los árboles más grandes de los bosques tropicales, y la muerte de estos gigantes tiene un gran impacto en el bosque, pero debido a que estos árboles monumentales son pocos y distantes entre sí, sus causas de muerte son desconocidas. Este árbol de ceiba gigante (Ceiba pentandra) a lo largo de uno de los senderos naturales en Isla Barro Colorado en Panamá fue durante muchos años el lugar favorito para tomar fotografías. Foto por Jorge Alemán, STRI.

¿Cómo responderán los árboles tropicales más grandes al cambio climático?

por STRI

Los árboles gigantes en los bosques tropicales, testigos de siglos de civilización, pueden quedar atrapados en un circuito de retroalimentación peligroso según un nuevo informe en Nature Plants presentado por investigadores del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI) en Panamá y la Universidad de Birmingham en el Reino Unido. los árboles almacenan la mitad del carbono en los bosques tropicales maduros, pero podrían estar en riesgo de muerte como resultado del cambio climático, liberando cantidades masivas de carbono a la atmósfera.

Evan Gora, becario postdoctoral Tupper de STRI, estudia el papel de los rayos en los bosques tropicales. Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, profesora en la Universidad de Birmingham, estudia los efectos del cambio climático en la Amazonía. Los dos se unieron para descubrir qué mata a los grandes árboles tropicales. Pero mientras investigaban cientos de artículos, descubrieron que no se sabe casi nada sobre los árboles más grandes y cómo mueren porque son extremadamente raros en los estudios de campo.

“Los árboles grandes son difíciles de medir”, comentó Esquivel-Muelbert. “Son la pesadilla de una gira de campo, porque siempre tenemos que volver con una escalera para subir y buscar un lugar para medir la circunferencia por encima de los contrafuertes. Toma mucho tiempo. Los estudios que se centran en las razones por las que los árboles mueren no tienen suficiente información para los árboles más grandes y, a menudo, terminan excluyéndolos de su análisis”.

“Debido a que generalmente carecemos de los datos necesarios para decirnos qué mata los árboles que tienen más de aproximadamente 50 centímetros de diámetro, eso deja fuera a la mitad de la biomasa forestal en la mayoría de los bosques”, comentó Gora.

Solo alrededor del 1% de los árboles en los bosques tropicales maduros llegan a este tamaño. Otros desde abajo, esperan su turno a la sombra.

La otra cosa que hace que los bosques tropicales sean tan especiales, la alta biodiversidad, también dificulta el estudio de los árboles grandes: hay tantas especies diferentes, y muchas de ellas son extremadamente raras.

“Debido a que solo el 1 al 2% de los árboles grandes en un bosque mueren cada año, los investigadores deben tomar muestras de cientos de individuos de una especie determinada para comprender por qué están muriendo”, comentó Gora. “Eso puede implicar buscar árboles en un área enorme”.

Imagínese un estudio de la presión arterial en personas que han vivido hasta los 103 años. Habría que ubicar y evaluar a personas mayores de ciudades y pueblos de todo el mundo: una propuesta costosa, compleja desde el punto de vista logístico y que requiere mucho tiempo.

Una gran cantidad de evidencia muestra que los árboles están muriendo más rápido en los bosques tropicales. Esto está afectando la capacidad de los bosques para funcionar y, en particular, para capturar y almacenar dióxido de carbono.

“Sabemos que la muerte de los árboles más grandes y más viejos tiene más consecuencias que la muerte de los árboles más pequeños”, comentó Gora. “Los árboles grandes pueden correr un riesgo particular porque los factores que los matan parecen estar aumentando más rápidamente que los factores que parecen ser importantes para la mortalidad de árboles más pequeños”.

En gran parte de los trópicos, el cambio climático está provocando tormentas más severas y sequías más frecuentes e intensas. Debido a que los árboles grandes se elevan por encima del resto, es más probable que sean impactados por un rayo o dañados por el viento. Debido a que tienen que extraer agua subterránea más alto que los otros árboles, es más probable que se vean afectados por la sequía.

Con la esperanza de comprender mejor lo que les está sucediendo a los árboles grandes, Gora y Esquivel-Muelbert identificaron tres lagunas de conocimiento evidentes. Primero, casi no se sabe nada sobre enfermedades, insectos y otras causas biológicas de muerte en árboles grandes. En segundo lugar, debido a que los árboles grandes a menudo quedan fuera de los análisis, la relación entre la causa de muerte y el tamaño no está clara. Y, finalmente, casi todos los estudios detallados de grandes árboles tropicales son de algunos lugares como Manaus en Brasil e Isla Barro Colorado en Panamá.

Para comprender cómo mueren los árboles grandes, existe una compensación entre esforzarse en medir una gran cantidad de árboles y medirlos con la frecuencia suficiente para identificar la causa de la muerte. Gora y Esquivel-Muelbert están de acuerdo en que una combinación de tecnología de drones y vistas satelitales del bosque ayudará a descubrir cómo mueren estos grandes árboles, pero este enfoque solo funcionará si se combina con observaciones intensas, estandarizadas y en el terreno, como las utilizadas por la red internacional de sitios de estudio ForestGEO del Smithsonian.

Esquivel-Muelbert espera que el ímpetu de esta investigación provenga de una apreciación compartida por estos misteriosos monumentos vivientes:

“Creo que son fascinantes para todos”, comentó. “Cuando ves a uno de esos gigantes en el bosque, son tan grandes. Mi colega e investigadora amazónica, Carolina Levis, comentó que son los monumentos que tenemos en la Amazonía donde no tenemos grandes pirámides ni edificios antiguos… Esa es la sensación, que han pasado por tanto. Son fascinantes, no solo en el sentido científico, sino también en otro sentido. Te conmueven de alguna manera”.

 

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La corona de flores del Dipteryx oleifera, uno de los árboles más grandes de Isla Barro Colorado, Panamá, elevándose sobre el bosque. Los árboles grandes pueden estar más expuestos a los efectos del cambio climático: sequías más frecuentes y severas, fuertes vientos y relámpagos de fuertes tormentas. Foto por Evan Gora, STRI.

 

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Cuando cae un árbol grande, parece que se ha disparado una bomba y se crea un gran claro. Si el cambio climático hace que la tasa de muerte de árboles grandes se dispare, la estructura del sotobosque podría cambiar drásticamente. Foto por Jorge Alemán, STRI.

 

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Imagen de dron: los árboles tropicales pueden llegar a medir más de 77 metros (250 pies) de altura. Observe a la persona vestida de rojo en el suelo del bosque. Foto por Evan Gora, STRI

 

El financiamiento para este estudio provino de STRI, la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias de EEUU y el proyecto TreeMort como parte del Programa Marco de Investigación e Innovación de la UE.

Referencia: Gora, E.M. and Esquivel-Muelbert, A. 2021. Implications of size-dependent tree mortality for tropical forest carbon dynamics. Nature Plants. doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00879-0

 

 

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¿Wappin? ¡Felices Pascuas! / Happy Easter!

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easter

His legendary return
Su regreso legendario 

Tallis – Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet
University of King’s College Chapel Choir, directed by Paul Halley
https://youtu.be/rgRXLN6nlVU

Dahila Bashta – قام حقاً (Prince of Peace is Risen)
https://youtu.be/LOg1t0d77i0

Mahler: Symphony No.2 in C minor – “Resurrection”
Vienna Philharmonic, conducted by Zuben Mehta, with Ileana Cotrubas & Christa Ludwig
https://youtu.be/vZ2U28Ypc50

Easter Mass from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 2019
Presided by Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa
https://youtu.be/ic9QV-6H-fg

False Bay Circuit Easter 2019 – Ulihlathi lethu Thixo
Cape of Good Hope Synod
https://youtu.be/16CRjl4q9RA

Luis Arteaga – El Jarrito
https://youtu.be/G8gcESTdmT8

 

 

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¿Wappin? Good Friday for plague times / Viernes Santo para tiempos de plaga

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Portobelo
El Nazareno de Portobelo / The Black Christ of Portobelo. Wikimedia photo by Adam Jones

On this day long ago, an anti-corruption dissident was tortured.

En este día, hace mucho tiempo, un disidente anticorrupción fue torturado.

Bach – Matthäus Passion
Netherlands Bach Society
https://youtu.be/ZwVW1ttVhuQ

Rimsky-Korsakov – Russian Easter Overture
Orquesta Sinfónida de Minería
https://youtu.be/s2tfXtK_52g

Brother Joseph Bekele – Under Your Cross (Amharic Good Friday Song)
The Christians
https://youtu.be/BzkDbhqJnOU

Fauré – Good Friday Choral Concert
Tenth Presbyterian Church
https://youtu.be/AhECHhFS6a0

 

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Coronavirus and antibody evolution

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bugs
Antibodies (white) binding to a coronavirus (red and orange).
Photo by Kateryna Kon/Shutterstock.

Coronavirus is evolving but
so are our antibodies

by Sarah L Caddy, University of Cambridge and Meng Wang, University of Cambridge

The emergence of “variants of concern” has raised questions about our long-term immunity to the coronavirus. Will the antibodies we make after being infected with or vaccinated against the dominant lineage, called D614G, protect us against future viral variants?

To answer this question, scientists have been examining how our antibody responses to the coronavirus develop over time. Several studies have recently compared the difference between antibodies produced straight after a coronavirus infection and those that can be detected six months later. The findings have been both impressive and reassuring.

Although there are fewer coronavirus-specific antibodies detectable in the blood six months after infection, the antibodies that remain have undergone significant changes. Researchers have tested their ability to bind to proteins from the new coronavirus variants and found that 83% of the “mature” antibodies were better at recognizing the variants. A recent preprint (a study that is yet to undergo peer review) also found that some antibodies present six months after infection were starting to be able to recognize related, but entirely distinct viruses, such as the coronavirus that causes Sars.

How is this possible? Quite simply because the B cells that make antibodies evolve after they are first activated. While it is well known that viruses can mutate over time, our own B cells can also take advantage of mutations to make superior antibodies.

Somatic hypermutation

A key difference between the mutation of antibodies and viruses is that mutations in antibodies are not entirely random. They are, in fact, directly caused by an enzyme that is only found in B cells, known as Aid (activation-induced deaminase). This enzyme deliberately causes mutations in the DNA responsible for making the part of the antibody that can recognize the virus. This mutation mechanism was solved by pioneering researchers at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, UK, almost 20 years ago.

AID activity leads to a much higher rate of mutation in B cells than in any other cell in the body. This phenomenon is called “somatic hypermutation”.

Some of the mutations that are induced in the antibody binding site will improve the binding of that antibody to the target virus. But some mutations will have no effect, and others will actually decrease the antibody’s ability to latch onto the target virus. This means there needs to be a system whereby B cells making the best antibodies will be selected.

B cells congregate in small glands called lymph nodes while they are developing. Lymph nodes are found all around the body and often get bigger if you are fighting an infection.

Location of lymph nodes on the human body
B cells gather in lymph nodes while they are developing.
Sakurra/Shutterstock.

Within the lymph nodes, the B cells that can make better antibodies after somatic hypermutation are given positive signals to make them replicate faster. Other B cells fall by the wayside and die. This “survival-of-the-fittest” process is called affinity maturation; the strength or “affinity” with which antibodies bind to their target matures and improves over time. After this rigorous selection, the newly emerged B cell will now mass produce its improved antibody, leading to a more effective immune response.

The course of a typical COVID infection is ten to 14 days, so the first wave of antibodies driving out the virus doesn’t have long enough to evolve because affinity maturation normally takes place over weeks. But research from the US has shown that small non-infectious bits of SARS-CoV-2 remain in the body after an infection is cleared, so B cells can keep being reminded of what the virus looks like. This allows antibody evolution to continue for months after an infection has been resolved.

Overall, antibody evolution means that if a person is infected with coronavirus for a second time, antibodies with far superior binding ability will be ready and waiting. This has important implications for vaccination. Antibody evolution will begin after the first vaccination so that much-improved antibodies will be present if the virus is encountered at a later date. Hopefully, it is comforting to know that it is not just the virus that is mutating, our own antibodies are keeping pace.The Conversation

Sarah L Caddy, Clinical Research Fellow in Viral Immunology and Veterinary Surgeon, University of Cambridge and Meng Wang, Cancer Research UK Clinician Scientist Fellow, University of Cambridge

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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International Monetary Fund calls for rich to pay more taxes

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Code Pink
Code Pink takes to the streets of Washington, along with many other women, in 2019. Photo by Fred Murphy.

IMF calls for taxing world’s richest to
curb inequality, stave off social unrest

by Kenny Stancil — Common Dreams

f governments don’t close the gap between society’s richest and poorest members—which was growing before and has exploded during the coronavirus crisis—by raising wages for low-income workers, taxing wealthy households, and using the increased revenue to improve social welfare, they should expect diminished trust in government and increased social polarization and unrest.

That warning comes in a new report on the intensification of inequality released Thursday by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a Washington D.C.-based international financial institution whose lending policies prior to and even during the Covid-19 pandemic have heightened vulnerability to crises by imposing public expenditure cuts in developing countries.

The IMF noted that the coronavirus disaster laid bare preexisting inequalities within and between countries in terms of income and access to public goods, such as healthcare and vaccines. Such “inequalities have worsened the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic,” with a strong link between poverty, unequal access to basic services, and infection and mortality rates.

While preexisting inequalities have worsened health outcomes for vulnerable populations, the coronavirus-driven economic crisis has, in turn, exacerbated inequality. For instance, 95 million more people were thrown into extreme poverty during 2020 than would have been expected based on pre-pandemic projections, and unequal access to quality education and digital infrastructure “may cause income gaps to persist generation after generation.”

According to the IMF: “Disruptions to education threaten social mobility by leaving long-lasting effects on children and youth, especially those from poorer households. These challenges are being compounded by accelerated digitalization and the transformational effect of the pandemic on the economy, posing low-skilled workers with difficulties in finding employment.”

It is “against this backdrop,” the IMF added, that “societies may experience rising polarization, erosion of trust in government, or social unrest. These factors complicate sound economic policymaking and pose risks to macroeconomic stability and the functioning of society.”

Reducing inequality “is crucial for policymakers to strengthen public trust and support social cohesion,” the IMF stressed. “Governments need to provide everyone with a fair shot—enabling all individuals to reach their potential.”

“The pandemic has confirmed the merits of equal access to basic services—healthcare, quality education, and digital infrastructure—and of inclusive labor markets and effective social safety nets,” the IMF noted. “Better performance in these areas has enhanced resilience to the pandemic and is key for the economic recovery to benefit all and to strengthen trust in government.”

“In the months ahead,” the IMF said, universal access to inoculation “will be decisive.”

While “cross-country surveys administered before the pandemic suggest that respondents in advanced and emerging market economies have long expressed favor for more tax-financed spending on education, healthcare, and old-age care, and more progressive taxation,” the IMF wrote that “popular support for better public services… has likely risen” in the past year due to increased “attention on governments and their ability to respond to the crisis.”

“Public finances have been weakened in most countries as a result of the pandemic,” but the IMF said that “many countries will need to raise additional revenues and improve spending efficiency… to support inclusive growth in a context of tighter fiscal space.”

Policymakers, the IMF added, “should recognize that various aspects of inequality (income, wealth, opportunity) are mutually reinforcing and create a vicious circle.”

Policy interventions should therefore combine “predistributive” policies that affect incomes before taxes and transfers, such as increasing employment and wages, as well as redistributive policies, such as taxing the rich to expand and improve the provision of public goods.

The IMF made the following recommendations:

  • Investing more and investing better in education, health, and early childhood development;
  • Strengthening social safety nets by expanding coverage of the most vulnerable households, and increasing adequacy of benefits;
  • Mustering the necessary revenues. Advanced economies can increase progressivity of income taxation and increase reliance on inheritance/gift taxes and property taxation. Covid-19 recovery contributions and “excess” corporate profits taxes could be considered. Wealth taxes can also be considered if the previous measures are not enough. Emerging market and developing economies should focus on strengthening tax capacity to finance more social spending;
  • Acting in a transparent manner. For most countries, these reforms would be best anchored in a medium-term fiscal framework as early as possible. Strengthening public financial management and improving transparency and accountability, not least for Covid-19 response measures, will reinforce trust in government; and
  • Supporting lower-income countries that face especially daunting challenges. Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals—a broad measure of the access to basic services—by 2030 would require $3 trillion for 121 emerging market economies and low-income developing countries (2.6% of 2030 world GDP). Support from the international community is needed to aid reform efforts, with the immediate priority being affordable access to vaccines.

The IMF’s report coincides with another analysis out Thursday, which revealed that the world’s 2,365 billionaires have seen their collective fortunes grow by $4 trillion during the pandemic, a staggering windfall that prompted demands for a global wealth tax.

“Unless we tax the world’s billionaires,” warned Chuck Collins, researcher with the Program on Inequality at the Institute for Policy Studies, “the legacy of the pandemic will be accelerated concentrations of wealth and power.”

 

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Hightower, Are YOU a “low-quality” voter?

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Bendib
Republican officials no longer support democracy  — and they aren’t bothering to hide it. Cartoon by Khalil Bendib.

Are you a “low-quality” voter?

by Jim Hightower — OtherWords

Hey, you, get away from those polling places! We don’t want your kind here! Scram!

That’s a stupid, shameful, and ultimately self-defeating political message, yet it’s being pushed as the official anti-voter electoral strategy of Republicans. Admitting that they can’t get majorities to vote for their collection of corporate lackeys, conspiracy theorists, and bigoted old white guys, the GOP hierarchy’s great hope is to shove as many Democratic voters as possible out of our elections.

They’re banking on a blitz of bureaucratic bills they’re now trying to ram through nearly every state legislature to intimidate, divert, and otherwise deny eligible voters their most fundamental democratic right. Their main targets are people of color, but they’re also pushing to keep students, senior citizens, union households, and poor communities of any color from voting.

Unable to come up with any actual need for these autocratic restraints, the GOP vote thieves are fraudulently exclaiming in mock horror that millions of illegal immigrants, dead people, Chinese, and even pets are voting! “Lock down the polls!” they cry.

Again and again, these absurd claims have been thoroughly investigated  — even by Republican judges, committees, and media  — and repeatedly they’ve proven to be, well, absurd.

Let’s be blunt: You’re more likely to find Bigfoot than you are to find a case of mass vote fraud in America.

Even some GOP politicos have quit pretending that they’re searching for The Big Cheat, instead bluntly making an overt, right-wing ideological argument for subverting democracy: “Everybody shouldn’t be voting,” explained Representative John Kavanaugh, the Republican chair of Arizona’s election committee.

Slipping deeper into doctrinaire doo-doo, he asserts that it’s not just the number of votes that should matter in an election — “we have to look at the quality of votes,” too.

Call me cynical, but I’m guessing that most Democratic voters would fall into his “low-quality” category. The ugly truth is that Republican officials no longer support democracy.

 

 

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¿Cuándo y cómo empezaron los Ngäbe a practicar la modificación dental?

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the dig
Excavación en Panamá Viejo, en la ubicación donde fue erigida la Catedral. Foto por Juan Guillermo Martín, ArtEmpire.

Arqueólogos buscan el origen de la modificación dental en Panamá

por STRI

La mayoría de las culturas modernas practican alguna forma de modificación dental, con propósitos de salud, terapia o estética: ya sea rellenar caries, remover muelas del juicio, colocarse carillas o frenillos, o blanquearse los dientes.

Recientemente, adolescentes posteaban videos orgullosamente mostrando sus dientes drásticamente limados en la app de social media, TikTok, incitando que dentistas respondieran señalando el daño irreversible que causa remover el esmalte dental.

En Panamá, mientras cada uno de los siete grupos indígenas expresa su identidad cultural a través de su vestimenta, maquillaje y joyería, y hasta por medios más permanentes de modificación corporal, como tatuajes y perforaciones, los Ngäbe, un grupo de aproximadamente 260 mil personas que viven principalmente en las montañas del Oeste de Panamá, también practican la modificación dental.

En una publicación reciente en el Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, titulado Modificación dental intencional en Panamá: nueva prueba de una introducción tardía de origen africano (Intentional dental modification in Panama: New support for a late introduction of African origin), los investigadores Nicole Smith-Guzmán, Javier Rivera-Sandoval, Corina Knipper y Ginés Alberto Sánchez Arias presentan datos bioarqueológicos e isotópicos que indican que la práctica Ngäbe puede haber sido introducida por esclavos africanos durante la época colonial temprana.

La modificación dental es la práctica de cambiar la forma de la dentadura por medio de limado, tallado, perforación, extracción y otras técnicas aplicadas intencionalmente. Esta práctica tiene decenas de miles de años y podía encontrarse en todas partes del mundo. En la antigua civilización Maya, los miembros de la clase alta se hacían perforar agujeros en los dientes para incrustar piedras preciosas, o se tallaban los dientes en diferentes formas, para embellecer y demostrar estatus; en Europa, los vikingos se limaban ranuras y diseños en la parte frontal de sus dientes, posiblemente para marcar logros o para asustar a sus enemigos; en Japón, las mujeres practicaban Ohaguro o ennegrecimiento de los dientes, utilizando taninos vegetales y una solución de acetato ferroso para teñir los dientes de negro (lo cual incluso protegía los dientes de deterioro), y era considerado una señal de madurez y belleza.

“La forma más antigua de modificación dental intencional es de al menos hace 13,000 años en África Noroeste, donde grupos nómadas practicaban la ablación dental, la extracción intencional de dientes, tal vez motivada por la necesidad de alimentar a individuos que experimentaban los efectos de trismo (contracción de los músculos de la mandíbula) causado por la infección de tétano,” explica Nicole Smith-Guzmán, bioarqueóloga y becaria posdoctoral en el Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI por sus siglas en inglés).

Las razones de esta práctica y su significado pueden variar de cultura a cultura y a través del tiempo; incluso pueden ser diferentes dentro de una misma cultura.

“Las modificaciones intencionales pueden haberse originado debido a una necesidad médica, pero hay evidencia posterior que estas culturas continuaron la práctica con propósitos estéticos,” dice Smith-Guzmán. “La ausencia de un diente se convirtió en una apariencia deseada, aunque no tuviese ninguna razón práctica. Otras culturas pueden haberla practicado como una forma de expresar identidad cultural.”

Para esta investigación, los científicos tuvieron la oportunidad de participar en la excavación realizada en Panamá Viejo como parte del proyecto multidisciplinario Artery of Empire, encabezado por la historiadora Bethany Aram de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide en Sevilla, España, y financiada por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación (ERC por sus siglas en inglés); ArtEmpire era un proyecto para profundizar en la historia temprana de la colonización española en Panamá.

Adicional a los dientes excavados en el proyecto Artery of Empire, los investigadores compararon dientes de un total de 14 sitios arqueológicos; los sitios dentro del área metropolitana de Ciudad de Panamá contenían principalmente individuos de principios del período colonial (pos-contacto europeo), y por lo tanto una población más diversa, mientras que los individuos recuperados de sitios fuera de la ciudad eran pre-coloniales (pre-contacto). Un total de 598 individuos fueron excavados; 232 pre-contacto y 366 pos-contacto.

La especialista Corina Knipper examinó las composiciones isotópicas de estroncio del esmalte dental, lo cual ayuda a identificar de dónde provienen los individuos. Los isótopos, del griego isos ‘igual’ y topos ‘lugar’, son átomos del mismo elemento que tienen propiedades químicas similares, pero no las mismas propiedades nucleares; por lo tanto, sus valores específicos indican la composición química y edad de minerales y otros objetos geológicos.

El análisis de Knipper brinda un panorama más completo del origen geográfico y dieta de los individuos con dentadura modificada de principios de la época colonial, mientras que el geógrafo cultural Ginés Sánchez proporcionó conocimientos sobre el significado de la práctica actual en las comunidades indígenas del Oeste de Panamá.

Ninguna de las muestras pre-contacto mostró modificación dental. Pero un examen de los dientes y el análisis isotópico de muestras pos-contacto encontraron ejemplos tempranos de modificación dental en Panamá en individuos de origen o descendencia africana. Estos resultados proporcionan algo de evidencia que la costumbre puede haber sido introducida a Panamá por esclavos africanos que escaparon asentamientos españoles y se establecieron en otras partes del Istmo.

“Esta es una hipótesis difícil de probar porque no tenemos evidencia documental de la práctica específica de modificación dental en Panamá hasta el siglo XIX,” Smith-Guzmán explica. “Por lo que se encontró en Panamá Viejo, sabemos que personas esclavizadas con dientes modificados fueron traídas a Panamá desde África, pero todavía no tenemos evidencia de que esta práctica fuese continuada por estos individuos luego de haber llegado al Istmo.”

Ella espera que puedan obtener más evidencia si localizan y realizan exploraciones arqueológicas de un cementerio del período colonial asociado a una comunidad de cimarrones, el nombre dado a los africanos esclavizados que escaparon de sus amos españoles y formaron villas aisladas autónomas.

Otra idea, aún por explorar, es que haya habido un posible intercambio con grupos indígenas del noroeste de Costa Rica, donde hay evidencia de modificación dental pre-Colombina, tal vez a través de la región de Bocas del Toro a los Ngäbe.

“Finalmente, la historia oral de las comunidades Ngäbe debe ser más profundamente exploradas con nuestros colegas antropólogos culturales y geógrafos,” Smith-Guzmán dice. “La información en esta publicación apenas roza la superficie y con esperanza continuará profundizando en la práctica cultural moderna y su significado.”

“Estamos interesados en explorar otras prácticas asociadas con modificación dental, relacionadas a prácticas culturales y ocupacionales, las cuales han sido documentadas tanto en poblaciones prehispánicas como en las coloniales,” explica Javier Rivera-Sandoval, bioarqueólogo de Universidad del Norte en Colombia. “De esta forma podemos evaluar el impacto que tenían estas modificaciones en la salud oral de estos grupos y el contexto socio-cultural dentro del cual eran realizadas.”

Smith-Guzmán señala que aún en tiempos antiguos, los que realizaban modificaciones dentales eran muy hábiles.

“Sabían lo que hacían, y estas prácticas usualmente eran respaldadas por algún beneficio al individuo,” dice. “De hecho, la protección contra deterioro dental o enfermedad está entre los motivos documentados más tempranos para realizar esta práctica en las comunidades Ngäbe durante el siglo XIX.”

Este estudio señala que el limado de dientes no es tan ubicuo como otros elementos que demuestran autenticidad Ngäbe, sino que es más una forma de expresión personal, y que la costumbre está más confinada a grupos que habitan en las regiones montañosas más recluidas de la comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. Sin embargo, de acuerdo a la investigación, los Ngäbe son el único grupo indígena en Centroamérica que actualmente modifican la forma de sus dientes, y por lo tanto se ha convertido en una representación de identidad Ngäbe entre aquellos que la practican.

“Pienso que la continuación de esta práctica ciertamente habla sobre la resiliencia de la población indígena de Panamá,” Smith-Guzmán declara. “Aunque no sabemos exactamente desde cuándo estos grupos han estado modificando sus dientes, sabemos que ha sido algo continuo por al menos los últimos 200 años, y es solo un ejemplo de las muchas formas en que los Ngäbe y otros grupos indígenas en Panamá han resistido activamente los efectos de la conquista y asentamiento español en el Istmo para mantener su cohesión cultural en cuanto a sus tradiciones, idiomas, rituales y artesanías.”

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Cráneo de un individuo recuperado debajo de la Catedral de Panamá Viejo. Foto por Javier Rivera Sandoval, ArtEmpire.

 

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Fotografía de un individuo recuperado de Panamá Viejo. Una examinación de la dentadura y el análisis isotópico de muestras pos-contacto encontró el ejemplo más temprano de modificación dental en Panamá en varios individuos de origen o descendencia africana. Foto por Javier Rivera-Sandoval, ArtEmpire.

 

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Arriba y debajo: Láminas de la publicación científica “Intentional dental modification in Panamá: New support for a late introduction of African origin”, mostrando detalles de los incisivos con el esmalte tallado en puntas. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101226 . Fotos por Javier Rivera-Sandoval, ArtEmpire.
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Referencia: Nicole E. Smith-Guzmán, Javier Rivera-Sandoval, Corina Knipper, Ginés Alberto Sánchez Arias, 2020. Intentional dental modification in Panamá: New support for a late introduction of African origin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101226

Artery of Empire, «ArtEmpire», ERC CoG 643565 [PI: Bethany Aram], financiado por el European Research Council, https://www.upo.es/investigacion/artempire/

 

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

 

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Editorials: What’s a Democrat to do? and An old warning and plea for peace

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DAP open group

Who are Democrats Abroad Panama?
Should the editor seek a leadership post?

Democrats’ actual following, and those to whom the organization should try to reach, are slightly different demographics.

It’s unwise to abandon one’s base in search of another. Last year the Democrats lost some races by “trying to play it safe” by avoiding issues that might inflame Trumpsters among their electorates, or “reaching out” by reliance on often well-stated but notoriously ineffective messages by dissident Republicans like the Lincoln Project folks. But people die, people come of age, people move in and people move out. No present or potential electorate is static.

The editor, presently but not for long vice chair of Democrats Abroad Panama and having served as chair, board member and volunteer with no leadership position, has had occasion to argue about the terminology and underlying philosophies of what Democrats Abroad country chapters are.

There are and have been leaders of the global organization who refer to the chapters as “markets.” The editor object to the word and its implications, and advocates the word and concept “constituencies.” The advertising business goes looking for “markets” of people whom it attempts to sell things that they don’t know that they need. A well-directed political party goes out among constituencies to mobilize them to achieve things that they need and want.

So do we, as our principal appeal in Panama, advocate a tax reform that has its merits but only directly benefits a small fraction of our mainly retired constituency, or do we spend more effort pushing for things like full and affordable consular services, without having to go to Costa Rica to receive them? Which elements of the “donor base” are innocuous to our constituencies, and which elements are obnoxious? And which parts of the Democratic platform should we emphasize to expand our constituency, for example, to appeal to the kids of mixed pana and gringo parents who are in many cases culturally mostly Panamanian and largely “in the closet” about the US citizen part of their existence?

The litany will not be recited here, but these are living issues in Democrats Abroad Panama. Folks may want to make culture war or personality clash explanations, but it’s actually a set of bread and butter issues. Within Democrats Abroad Panama, the democracy and political good sense differences are just gravy.

So, what’s an editor who is also an activist to do? Challenge the incumbent chair for a job that the editor once had and really doesn’t want? Run for the board, with the prospect of being – again – the lonely and pesky gadfly at the table? Recruit, within a few days, an opposition slate? See if a better arrangement can be negotiated? Just walk away, voluntarily or not?

 

What? An 82-year-old graphic fictional short story for a Holy Week editorial?
Everything wasn’t sweetness and light and “they lived happily ever after” if we care to examine Holy Week. It’s about skilled Jewish workers reduced to slavery by a new Egyptian dynasty, taking advantage of a natural calamity to escape their bondage, if only to wander in the wilderness for 40 years. It’s about a dissident Jew challenging a corrupt religious establishment that was aligned with foreign forces – a brutal empire that had recently replaced a decadent republic – and getting tortured to death for it, then rising from the grave.
It’s about exploitation, brutality, resistance and renewal – big parts of the human condition. Although James Thurber wrote and drew this masterpiece at the Algonquian Hotel in New York just as World War II was getting underway in Europe, it’s a peace message befitting Holy Week, and for all time.

 

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Then-diplomat Madame Binh, center facing toward her left, meets with female Vietnamese military officers during the war against the United States. Later she served as Minister of Education and Vice President of Vietnam. Vietnamese government photo.

All women in the world have the earnest desire to live in peace and lead a better life. However, women in developing countries and poor women in general, especially those who do not have access to education. capital, and information technology. are encountering enormous challenges.

Nguyen Thị Bình

Bear in mind…

Men are perishable, but ideas live.

Empress Frederick

It is love itself that is important — the ability to love, no matter whom you love. For when you can no longer love anyone, you are no longer a living person. The heart dies if it loses the capacity to love.

Pearl S. Buck

That I can live long enough
To obtain one and only one desire —
That someday I can see again
The mulberry and catalpa trees of home.

Ts’ai Yen

 

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Bernal, Some parties are “emotional,” most others illegal

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The emotion of corruption

by Miguel Antonio Bernal

Ab imo pectore

“From the bottom of my heart” – a Latin expression

 

The degrading spectacle offered in recent days by the president at ATLAPA has elicited powerful repudiation and citizen outrage. What happened and the justifications that have followed, portray — in full — the ethical and moral rot that dominates the main drivers of public affairs.

Despite the media manipulation and the sponsorship of journalists with expenses paid, who are never lacking, the citizen reaction did not wait. Social networks have been overwhelmed by various expressions, ranging from outrage to repudiation, through pain, contempt, disappointment, frustration and shame of various sectors of the population, all knowing ourselves at the hands of lowly, indolent and disrespectful people.

The dancers, led by the president and his VP, state ministers, governor and a long list of scribes, celebrated without shame on the corpses of more than six thousand dead from COVID, adding to the pain of their families and friends. It was a spectacle that nobody deserved.

What happened was a true portrait of the endemic corruption prevailing throughout the government, especially in its main leaders. A government that, from day one, has been dedicated to bribery, extortion, shady deals, fraudulent alterations, embezzlement and fraud, financial speculation with public funds, private collusion, the stock in trade of all hustlers.

The ordinary functioning of social life continues to degrade — by leaps and bounds — thanks to the ultra-dishonest behavior of the main public actors.

The “emotion” with which they have tried to justify their actions, is just one more expression of the corruption that guides and dominates them. They are people from the bottom of the barrel, who as long as they can continue to lead the government, will spare no effort to achieve their very personal objectives and to make fun of the submissive population who live in poverty, unemployment and restlessness.

 

Contact us by email at fund4thepanamanews@gmail.com

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