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CEPR, William E. Spriggs: The loss of a giant

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Spriggs
Dr. William E. Spriggs. Photo from the Minneapolis Fed.

The loss of a giant

by Kelsey Moore — Center for Economic and Policy Research

CEPR was deeply saddened to learn about the passing of Bill Spriggs on June 6. His impact on the economics profession and economic policy will continue to be felt for many years to come. Bill dedicated his life to the passionate pursuit of racial and economic justice.

Bill graduated from University of Wisconsin’s economics program when Black Ph.D.s in economics were few and far between. Unfortunately, this is still the case. Bill felt a serious responsibility to try to address this problem, spending much of his career teaching at historically Black colleges or universities, including a long stint as the chair of the Economics Department at Howard University. He acted as a mentor to many aspiring Black economists.

He also sought to promote policies that improved the economic plight of Black people and working people more generally. He wrote numerous academic and policy pieces examining the causes of inequality and racial disparities. From 2009 to 2012, he served as the Assistant Secretary of Labor for policy and later spent many years as the chief economist at the AFL-CIO.

His influence expanded in these years as Bill grew into the role of public intellectual, speaking widely about the barriers facing Black workers and Black communities. His disarming manner put even those he was challenging at ease, and made space for uncomfortable conversations about the real causes and consequences of high Black unemployment and the disproportionate representation of Black workers in low-paying jobs. He could be a charming speaker, but he drove his points home with arguments grounded in a deep understanding of the economy and how it was shaped by policies that operated to the detriment of Black workers and, indeed, all workers.

In particular, Bill was one of the leading economists in the effort to get the Federal Reserve Board to reconsider its approach to monetary policy, arguing that the Fed had to give its mandate to promote full employment at least equal importance to its commitment to price stability. Bill pointed out that African-Americans and other disadvantaged groups were disproportionately the victims of the increased unemployment that results when the Fed focuses on price stability with insufficient regard for the other part of its dual mandate, full employment.

Bill’s views were at least partially vindicated in recent years, when Fed Chair Jerome Powell began using language very similar to Bill’s when speaking about the Fed’s mandate in the years leading up to the pandemic. Neel Kashkari, the Minnesota Fed Bank president, began reading out the unemployment rates for Black people and other minorities at every Fed meeting. In this respect, it’s worth pointing out that Black unemployment reached its lowest level on record just two months ago.

Bill was an invariably kind and generous person. He recognized the importance of keeping racial equity at the forefront of economic policymaking to ensure discussions about the working class included all workers. He was a friend and champion of CEPR. Those of us who had the honor of working with him personally have lost a dear friend and mentor. His contributions, wit and passion will be deeply missed.

 

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¿Wappin? Cosas panameñas / Panamanian things

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mangos

Música procedente de un lugar especial
Music coming from a special place

Samy y Sandra Sandoval – Concierto Mundial 2012
https://youtu.be/P-MDHFpDx0Q

Máximo Rodríguez – Lagrimas y Tristesa
https://youtu.be/GNe8K5BWKlE

Los Rabanes – My Commanding Wife
https://youtu.be/80ZZ_zk2VJA

Karen Peralta – Mi Corazón es Herrerano
https://youtu.be/qA26-8U1kAg

Los Mozambiques – El Niño y El Perro
https://youtu.be/C5DjpTtGSX0

Erika Ender – Cosas Que Echo De Menos
https://youtu.be/s8K6ajZK2ds

Solinka – Desdén
https://youtu.be/OCuPiiaoLDE

Los Silvertones – Mi Soledad
https://youtu.be/MnGk_XN4p_A

El Rookie – De La Ghetto
https://youtu.be/ICGQ1qa8kJo

Milagros Blades y Mecanik Informal – Percusión Folklorica
https://youtu.be/PhW1fpjU2Cg

Mezcla Típica de DJ Kilian
https://youtu.be/6ZM4I60EhOQ

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Para defendernos de los piratas informáticos, los trolls organizados y otros actos de vandalismo en línea, la función de comentarios de nuestro sitio web está desactivada. En cambio, ven a nuestra página de Facebook para unirte a la discusión.  

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These announcements are interactive. Click on them for more information. Estos anuncios son interactivos. Toque en ellos para seguir a las páginas de web.
 

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Snowden and civil liberties groups warn of enhanced electronic spying

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Snowden
“Despite calls over the last few years for federal legislation to rein in Big Tech companies, we’ve seen nothing significant in limiting tech companies’ ability to collect data.” Edward Snowden said in an interview on June 8, 2023 that advances in surveillance technology have made it far easier for government agencies to spy on citizens than it was in 2013, when he first disclosed the broad use of spying by the NSA and other agencies. Image by Screenshot/Citizenfour.

Snowden: today’s surveillance tech makes 2013 look like child’s play

by Julia Conley — Common Dreams

“We trusted the government not to screw us,” said Edward Snowden. “But they did. We trusted the tech companies not to take advantage of us. But they did. That is going to happen again, because that is the nature of power.”

With this week marking 10 years since whistleblower Edward Snowden disclosed information to journalists about widespread government spying by United States and British agencies, the former National Security Agency contractor on Thursday joined other advocates in warning that the fight for privacy rights, while making several inroads in the past decade, has grown harder due to major changes in technology.

“If we think about what we saw in 2013 and the capabilities of governments today,” Snowden told The Guardian, “2013 seems like child’s play.”

Snowden said that the advent of commercially available surveillance products such as Ring cameras, Pegasus spyware, and facial recognition technology has posed new dangers.

As Common Dreams has reported, the home security company Ring has faced legal challenges due to security concerns and its products’ vulnerability to hacking, and has faced criticism from rights groups for partnering with more than 1,000 police departments—including some with histories of police violence—and leaving community members vulnerable to harassment or wrongful arrests.

Law enforcement agencies have also begun using facial recognition technology to identify crime suspects despite the fact that the software is known to frequently misidentify people of color—leading to the wrongful arrest and detention earlier this year of Randal Reid in Georgia, among other cases.

Last month, journalists and civil society groups called for a global moratorium on the sale and transfer of spyware like Pegasus, which has been used to target dozens of journalists in at least 10 countries.

Protecting the public from surveillance “is an ongoing process,” Snowden told The Guardian on Thursday. “And we will have to be working at it for the rest of our lives and our children’s lives and beyond.”

In 2013, Snowden revealed that the US government was broadly monitoring the communications of citizens, sparking a debate over surveillance as well as sustained privacy rights campaigns from groups like Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and Fight for the Future.

“Technology has grown to be enormously influential,” Snowden told The Guardian on Thursday. “We trusted the government not to screw us. But they did. We trusted the tech companies not to take advantage of us. But they did. That is going to happen again, because that is the nature of power.”

Last month ahead of the anniversary of Snowden’s revelations, EFF noted that some improvements to privacy rights have been made in the past decade, including:

  • The sunsetting of Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act, which until 2020 allowed the US government to conduct a dragnet surveillance program that collected billions of phone records;
  • The emergence of end-to-end encryption of internet communications, which Snowden noted was “a pipe dream in 2013”;
  • The end of the NSA’s bulk collection of internet metadata, including email addresses of senders and recipients; and
  • Rulings in countries including South Africa and Germany against bulk data collection.

The group noted that privacy advocates are still pushing Congress to end Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which permits the warrantless surveillance of Americans’ communications, and “to take privacy seriously,” particularly as tech companies expand spying capabilities.

“Despite calls over the last few years for federal legislation to rein in Big Tech companies, we’ve seen nothing significant in limiting tech companies’ ability to collect data… or regulate biometric surveillance, or close the backdoor that allows the government to buy personal information rather than get a warrant, much less create a new Church Committee to investigate the intelligence community’s overreaches,” wrote EFF senior policy analyst Matthew Guariglia, executive director Cindy Cohn, and assistant director Andrew Crocker. “It’s why so many cities and states have had to take it upon themselves to ban face recognition or predictive policing, or pass laws to protect consumer privacy and stop biometric data collection without consent.”

“It’s been 10 years since the Snowden revelations,” they added, “and Congress needs to wake up and finally pass some legislation that actually protects our privacy, from companies as well as from the NSA directly.”

 

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Loss of Arctic sea ice is a present fact

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“As scientists, we’ve been warning about the loss of Arctic summer sea ice for decades,” said one researcher. In the 2006 canal expansion referendum the Martín Torrijos administration and the Panama Canal Authority assured us that this would not happen. The photo is of ice breaking away and melting off of Greenland. Navigable Arctic shipping routes changes some calculations for the Panama Canal. Rawpixels photo in the public domain.

Complete loss of Arctic summer sea ice
now inevitable, warn scientists

by Julia Conley — Common Dreams

Scientists on Tuesday warned that the planet is rapidly headed toward the consequences of the climate crisis that they have been warning about for decades as researchers published a new study showing that a complete loss of Arctic sea ice in the summer months is now unavoidable.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report released in 2021 alarmed many with its warnings that if high or even intermediate planet-heating fossil fuel emissions continued, the Arctic would be ice-free by the 2040s—but its authors implored policymakers to focus on their finding that the region would retain its summer ice if decisive action was taken to limit an increase in global temperature rises to 2°C or less.

The new study published by researchers in South Korea, Germany, and Canada in Nature Communications found that even far-reaching action will no longer save the sea ice.

The scientists found that even in a low-emissions scenario, summer ice in the Arctic will be gone by the 2050s.

In an intermediate- or high-emissions scenario—which is far more likely, considering the United States, the largest historic source of fossil fuel emissions, has recently moved to approve massive projects such as the Willow oil drilling project and the Mountain Valley Pipeline—the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer months starting in the 2030s.

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“Unfortunately it has become too late to save Arctic summer sea ice,” Dirk Notz, a climatologist at the University of Hamburg and co-author of the study, told The Guardian. “As scientists, we’ve been warning about the loss of Arctic summer sea ice for decades. This is now the first major component of the Earth system that we are going to lose because of global warming. People didn’t listen to our warnings.”

The researchers examined satellite data and climate models to analyze changes in the Arctic sea ice between 1979 and 2019 and found that previous models underestimated ice melting trends and that 90% of the loss of sea ice was the result of human-caused planetary heating.

Summer ice in the Arctic has receded by 13% each decade since 1979, they found.

The planet is already experiencing the effects of increased open water in the Arctic during the summer months, lead author Seung-Ki Min of Pohang University in South Korea noted, and policymakers must now prepare communities to adapt to those impacts, including extreme weather events.

“The most important impact for human society will be the increase in weather extremes that we are experiencing now, such as heatwaves, wildfires, and floods,” Min told The Guardian. “We need to reduce CO2 emissions more ambitiously and also prepare to adapt to this faster Arctic warming and its impacts on human society and ecosystems.”

The loss of summer sea ice would trigger a feedback loop known as “Arctic amplification,” with the dark ocean absorbing more solar heat and causing additional planetary warming,

Arctic warming has also changed weather patterns in the northern hemisphere, such as storm formation and wind speeds—leading to extreme heat and rainfall.

“We need to prepare ourselves for a world with warmer Arctic very soon,” Min told CNN. “The earlier onset of an ice-free Arctic also implies that we will be experiencing extreme events faster than predicted.”

Scientists last year said the extreme heat wave that struck Pakistan and India was made 30 times more likely due to planetary heating, and officials called the flooding that killed more than 1,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands in Pakistan “climate dystopia at our doorstep.”

Min said the impending loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic is a “tipping point” and a sign that the region is “seriously ill.”

“We can regard the Arctic sea ice as the immune system of our body which protects our body from harmful things,” Min told CNN. “Without the protector, the Arctic’s condition will go from bad to worse quickly.”

 

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Editorials, What about the newspapers? and Joe’s punt

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pa
It would be easy to dismiss El Panamá América by saying that it always was yellow journalism. But in its century it has been more than only that. It’s one of our cultural landmarks. Started as the English-language Panama American in the 1920s by Harmodio Arias of the racist Accion Comunal movement that advocated the expulsion of the Afro-Antillean and Asian ethnicities, at its best the newspaper that — according to trial testimony — Ricky Martinelli bought with public funds is also a valuable part of Panama’s historical record. What to do about it raises many questions about who we are.

The New Business trial

We shall see how Judge Marquínez rules. With all the games run on her, it would be understandable for her to lash back in her verdict and any sentence. Let’s hope that she has a calmer judicial temperament than that.

The trial put the details and the depravity of Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal’s operation on display for the Panamanian people. It should scream much louder than any US declaration about the man’s character, for a variety of reasons. Recall, for example, how American officials, The Panama News and so many others looked askance at Balbina Herrera in the 2009 presidential election – all with good reason – and what we got was Ricky Martinelli. Official Washington and its representatives here do not lie when they characterize Martinelli now, but leave it to Panamanians to judge, and to figure out how to proceed.

If things go as one might expect, the government will confiscate El Panama America, La Critica and Dia a Dia as stolen public property. As it should.

However, there is left the dilemma of what to do about this newspaper empire that began with a racist English-language newspaper in the 1920s, The Panama American. Turn it into a state-owned PRD propaganda operation? Auction it off to the highest bidder, to give us another rabiblanco medium, or perhaps a foreign-owned newspaper chain? Those would be the habitual defaults for this current political caste.

It would be better to elect from the ranks of people who worked on those papers before, those who work there now and Panamanian journalists in general a new editorial advisory board, and turn these media over to student journalists – perhaps one to those at the University of Panama, one to those at USMA and one to those at UNACHI. And pay little heed to the laments of the Martinelista hacks who would be left jobless in such a transaction. Panama needs a new generation with better ethics to dominate this country’s journalism in the years and decades to come.

 

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Joe Biden explains his debt ceiling deal. White Hous photo.

A deal that everyone likes to hate

In a democracy, elections have consequences. The alternatives are a ruling aristocracy to which public preferences mean little or nothing or a functional breakdown wherein every disagreement brings on paralysis.

The Republicans want to consolidate their hereditary aristocracy but the smarter among them know that their main man, Donald Trump, is unlikely to make it across any general election finish line. They may swing behind some other right-wing totalitarian, but that’s not where most of the American people are at.

The Democrats are eternally squabbling, but so long as they don’t allow those on that side of the political divide who consider themselves entitled to do whatever they want because of this or that reason, ought to pull together as a winning coalition. However, we have the wretched cliques who ran the 2016 national campaign as a monument of how arrogance and incompetence can lose an easy to win election.

The United States got divided government in 2020 and 2022, and thus a bipartisan punt on a debt ceiling issue that the Republicans created. Does the GOP Freedom Caucus complain? Do the Justice Democrats complain? In either case the way past that is to win the 2024 elections, better in a convincing, across-the-board fashion.

 

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Dame Edna. Photo by Eva Rinaldi.

You mustn’t judge Australia by the Australians.

Dame Edna Everage

Bear in mind…

Emergencies have always been necessary to progress. It was darkness which produced the lamp. It was fog that produced the compass. It was hunger that drove us to exploration. And it took a depression to teach us the real value of a job.

Victor Hugo

Peace has to be created, in order to be maintained. It is the product of Faith, Strength, Energy, Will, Sympathy, Justice, Imagination, and the triumph of principle. It will never be achieved by passivity and quietism.

Dorothy Thompson

 

We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother’s heartbeat. So, if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it, as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children, and love it, as God loves us.

Chief Seattle

 

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Amnesty International, Report from an online rights summit

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SPIES -- take them away
“It’s a simple fact that highly invasive spyware poses a real danger to the privacy and security of everyone.” — Rasha Abdul Rahim, Amnesty Tech. Graphic by raider3anime.

Costa Rica: All states must ban highly invasive spyware

by Amnesty International

As RightsCon, a summit on human rights in the digital age, opened on June 5 in San José, Costa Rica, Rasha Abdul Rahim, Director of Amnesty Tech, said:  

“The spyware crisis has massive implications for the future of human rights, and the time has come for the world to move beyond simply putting a plaster over this pervasive and covert digital intrusion into peoples’ lives. There must be an immediate global ban on highly invasive spyware.

“Governments around the world must take action to stop unscrupulous spyware companies selling their wares, and to stop phones being turned into weapons. It’s a simple fact that highly invasive spyware poses a real danger to the privacy and security of everyone.

“Highly invasive spyware has become the weapon of choice for governments seeking to silence journalists, attack activists and crush dissent, placing countless lives at risk. It must be outlawed now.”

Amnesty International’s Security Lab actively monitors and investigates companies and governments who proliferate and abuse cyber-surveillance technologies that pose a fundamental threat to human rights defenders, journalists, and civil society. Its ongoing investigations, for example, continue to reveal the relentless spread of NSO Group’s Pegasus spyware, which has been used to target heads of state, activists and journalists in Spain, Poland, the Dominican Republic and across Latin America, the Middle East and Africa. The list goes on and gets ever longer.

In a significant first step to address the spyware crisis in March, President Biden signed an Executive Order restricting the US government’s use of commercial spyware technology. The US and governments around the world must go further and impose a ban on highly invasive spyware.

Amnesty International defines ‘highly invasive spyware’ as software with functionality that cannot be limited and the use of which cannot be independently audited, of which Pegasus is just one example. For spyware that can be limited and independently audited, Amnesty International also calls for a global temporary ban on its use until a system of human rights safeguards is in place to prevent abuses.

Amnesty International at RightsCon

At Amnesty International we believe technology should put people and human rights first, and we have plugged hackers, coders, data scientists and technologists into our team to help achieve this. We investigate. We campaign. We work to change policy. We fight for justice. We hold the powerful to account. We’re setting the agenda for the future of human rights and technology.

The Security Lab continues to monitor and expose emerging spyware companies, helping to protect civil society and billions of mobile devices from these invasive attacks. Unique forensic tools including the Mobile Verification Toolkit developed by the Security Lab are empowering an emerging field of civil society technologists who work to protect their own communities from these threats.

Every year RightsCon brings together activists, business leaders, policy makers, technologists, and journalists from around the world to take action on human rights in the digital age. After three years of virtual gatherings, the 12th edition will be a hybrid taking place online and in San José, Costa Rica between 5-8 June 2023.

 

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Martinelli has a primary today, with the PRD voting a week from today

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building materials
Dump truck loads of dirt and rocks. Were these gathered from the local river during the drought? It’s one of the things that the representante has been giving away, along with sand, cinderblocks and sheets of zinc roofing. Not to everybody, but figure that some others will get paying work from the property owners to incorporate these materials into new or expanded houses. Photo by Eric Jackson.

Primaries in which few talk about real issues

by Eric Jackson

I suppose it’s the most real of issues to Ricky Martinelli, and to his most fervent admirers. The trial is over but for the verdict, and he stands to be sent to prison, stripped of his right to run for office or even vote, and lose his EPASA newspaper chain. Recent stuff in his always sensationalist anyway tabloid La Critica have the former president’s camp screeching like wounded birds. So, yesterday morning did his usual friends at El Machetazo sell out of that rag? Or was it so embarrassing that they put it away to protect their fellow if competing supermarket baron? Or did someone figure that it appeared during the “period of reflection” with no campaigning allowed before the vote and cautiously avoid an argument with the Electoral Tribunal by taking it off sale?

Figure that Martinelli wins his RM party’s presidential primary today, but when the verdict in the New Business money laundering and graft trial comes down, or if he dodges that bullet but later this year faces judgment in the Odebrecht money laundering and graft trial, he will be out of the race. Then would come the judge shopping and the appeals, so that any conviction might be stayed at the end of the year when the Electoral Tribunal declares who will be on the May 2024 ballot.

So, given that Martinelli has been leading in most polls, and that some of his supporters have been calling for furious reactions to his legal problems and to official US characterizations of him as a miserable crook, would the faithful be energized into action? Could be, but this reporter — who has his own history with Martinelli and some of the people around him and would never be so dishonest with the readers as to deny having a negative opinion about the guy — thinks not. He can always import a busload or two of rent-a-protesters, but many signs indicate that supporters are drawing back, hedging bets, not nearly so militant as his lawyers and most rabid fans suggest. The defense witnesses who didn’t show up to testify at his recently concluded trial are but one hint. Then, look at his party’s Twitter feed, although one might say that his personal account or one of the other party feeds is more indicative:

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Not exactly the following of a seething, angry political movement that’s about to take to the streets and overthrow a government if it throws their leader in jail. Martinelli’s showing in the polls, less than one-third in a fragmented political environment, represents a broad but shallow appeal to those who buy the line about how he stole but he got things done. From the Realizando Metas Twitter feed.

On the PRD side…

Saturday’s observations included a two-car Anabel sound caravana that went through El Bajito. No stopping to talk. Anabel Ojo Ibarra is running the PRD primary — “torrijista, no oportunista” — to be our next representante. She faces an entrenched incumbent, Carlos Fernández, who has been lavished by a national government that can’t pay its bills with resources to spread around in his primary re-election bid. His signs are all over the main road coming from the Pan-American Highway to my neighborhood, then beyond eventually to Altos de la Estancia and El Valle. The north end of the corregimiento, beyond the El Bajito turnoff, may be Anabel turf. Plus, I just saw a little Anabel sign on the main road.

This primary is PRD members only, and even if we are sort of a PRD stronghold, most of the voters don’t belong to that party or any other party. It’s a small electorate for next Sunday.

And all the Carlos signs? Multiple at each supporter’s house seems to be the norm. And what about the PRD flags, or signs for the mayoral or legislative candidates, where there are no signs for Carlos? Then there are the crude displays — households with building materials stacked out front and new Carlos signs. As in an outwardly impressive display, but a lot more signs than supporters.

We shall see. I expect that Carlos will win the primary, but he may have offended some folks for the general election. Maybe I am entirely wrong.

And will other campaigns for other things confuse the Anabel vote? RM just votes for president today, but Cecibel is running to be the Martinelista candidate for representante, with a primary to come later. Her signs have been popping up here and there in the area. And the other day a huge, lumbering cistern truck distributing water to those few who needed or wanted came down the street, emblazoned with the colors and name of Yanibel, who is running for president in the Cambio Democratico primary. Were it not a party members only primary, perhaps you would get some numbskulls who would vote for Anabel, thinking it was Cecibel or Yanibel. But if Anibel turns out to be the giant-killer, it would not be history’s first big upset. Read the Bible — sometimes the little guy without body armor and just a sling and a stone beats the big guy with the armor, a sword and a spear. But also recall all the times that Tammany Hall candidates crushed their challengers.

Carlos people
The closest campaign sign to me, around the corner from my house. Photo by Eric Jackson.
 

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Beluche: Sueños, mentalidades, mitos e ilusiones en la historia

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St Terry
Santa Teresa de Jesús, retratada en la iglesia de El Carmen de Ciudad de Panamá. Qué santos se representan, cómo se cuentan sus historias, sus razas y otros atributos físicos: este simbolismo también tiende a reflejar cómo se imaginan a sí mismas las élites. Foto de Wikimedia por Abraham Menahemm.

Pensar la historia a partir de un ensayo de Alfredo Castillero C.

por Olmedo Beluche

Personalmente confieso que no solo lo leí con el interés con el que sigo todo lo que escribe Castillero, sino que este ensayo me ha hecho reflexionar. De esa reflexión puedo afirmar que suscribiría la mayor parte de lo dicho en “Pensar la historia: Propuestas epistemológicas”, por Castillero. Pero no todo. Ahí está justamente el debate académico del que seguramente se podrá sacar más jugo del aporte que nos ha regalado el maestro Castillero.

¿Qué dice Alfredo Castillero?

De salida afirma: “Los hechos históricos no se comportan linealmente, ni son el resultado de procesos que tienen un solo origen”. Los hechos históricos son de “causalidad múltiple”. Define la historia como “un proceso de cambios”, en los que algunos tardan siglos en madurar y otros irrumpen de manera no prevista, de allí lo “imponderable” de la historia. “Ni un principio anticipa el fin, ni siempre es fácil reconocer el origen de lo que vino después”.

Luego desliza una crítica al marxismo (o a cierto marxismo mecanicista). “No se puede reducir el estudio del pasado solo a conflictos de clase, ni a todo fenómeno subyace una razón económica, porque la historia no es tan simple, ni está hecha de categorías abstractas, sino de individuos concretos…”.

Castillero rescata el peso en los hechos de la historia de factores subjetivos como el poder, la codicia o las mentalidades. “… no siempre lo que decide es lo económico. Muchas veces el gran motor de cambio son los sueños, las mentalidades, los mitos e ilusiones de los pueblos”.

Respecto a la relación entre lo económico y la cultura (o ideología), Castillero dice: “El materialismo histórico nos ha acostumbrado a pensar que el estudio del primero debe explicar el segundo…”. Al respecto, más adelante pone el ejemplo del período colonial, en el que las motivaciones de las personas estaban más en lo espiritual que en lo económico.

Si bien esto puede ser aplicable a algunos autores, no es el caso de la mayoría de los historiadores (as) marxistas de muy alta calidad y que, con seguridad él conoce. Para mencionar algunos, citemos a los reputados marxistas británicos: Maurice Dobb, Rodney Hilton, Christopher Hill, Eric J. Hobsbawm y Edward P. Thompson.

En realidad lo que el marxismo señala es que existe una relación entre la organización social, no solo económica, con las formas de pensar de una época, con la cultura “inmaterial”. No un “determinismo económico”.

Respecto a la relación economía y cultura (superestructura) saca una conclusión importante: “Pero también esos dos polos -el de lo material y el del espíritu- pueden incitarse mutuamente en una inagotable relación dialéctica en la que a veces no se sabe dónde encontrar el origen de sus ritmos, discernir el predominio de una fuerza sobre otra”. Pues esto justamente es lo que plantea el método marxista, la relación “dialéctica” entre organización social (no solo economía) y cultura.

Advierte que, para hacer historia científica, hay que evitar hacerlo en base a criterios ideológicos, partidistas, familiares o provincianos. Estos vicios conducen a una historia sin base documental la cual termina en mito. “La materia prima de la historia es el pasado, y al pasado nos asomamos con evidencias documentales, no mediante abstracciones… basadas en elucubraciones teóricas…”.

Respecto a los enfoques cuantitativos vs cualitativos, Castillero advierte, hablando del primer método contra el “falso rigor” de la cita documental y del análisis estadístico, porque a veces el documento o el “dato” (agregamos) no lo dice todo, porque “… la labor del historiador es hacer hablar los textos donde estos callan, no someterse servilmente a su estricta literalidad”. Y sobre los enfoques cualitativos hay que cuidarse de la especulación sin evidencias.

Destaca la importancia de los objetos para comprender la cultura de cada época porque permite convertir la “anécdota en historia densa”, y cita al norteamericano Clifford Geertz, padre de la antropología simbólica, como referente en este tema.

Posteriormente, Castillero analiza la importancia de las crisis históricas porque en ellas la sociedad expresa claramente sus angustias, miedos y odios. En las crisis sobreviene un “aluvión de testimonios” de diverso tipo, que hace que los hechos resplandezcan “como relámpago en la noche oscura y muestran, de golpe, un horizonte que ni siquiera sospechábamos”. Volviendo a las cuestiones de método señala que el historiador debe partir por un conjunto de preguntas, y cita a Lucien Febvre: “Formular un problema es el comienzo y el fin de toda la historia. Sin problemas no hay historia”.

También aborda el problema de la historia tradicional afirmando: “La mayoría de los panameños comparte una visión del pasado dominada por lugares comunes, falsificaciones, ambigüedades, omisiones y mitos. A esa visión subyace una concepción epistemológica de la historia profundamente tradicionalista y conservadora. Tradicionalista porque prefiere la anécdota al análisis y confunde la historia con meras cronologías… Conservadora, porque le incomoda la posibilidad de enfoques revisionistas que pudieran cuestionar los hitos sobre los que descansan los valores de una alegada identidad nacional en la que no hay sombras ni manchas de dudas”. Coincido plenamente.

Criticando esos enfoques tradicionalistas opina Castillero, que creen que hacer historia consiste solo en narrar hechos, cuando en realidad “cada dato debe ser interpretado y toda historia debe ser explicada” (tomar nota). “Sin embargo, no debemos olvidar que no hay historia sin hechos… sin pruebas”.

Aunque señala que se puede hacer historia de múltiples maneras, dependiendo de los criterios de cada historiador (a), todas legítimas, siempre que se atengan a los hechos, y que incluso la microhistoria aporta luces, Castillero termina abogando por la “historia total”: “… debemos intentar en la medida de las posibilidades documentales, reconstruir la mayor cantidad de espacios de pasado para observarlos como conjunto armónico y coherente…”.

El último subtítulo lo denomina “Memoria, historia e identidad”, y empieza citando a Fernand Braudel cuando dice que: “El tiempo pasado no es nunca totalmente pasado, y algunas veces el presente está más cerca del pasado que del porvenir”.

Para culminar en la parte más controversial de este ensayo, a mi modo de ver, cuando afirma que a veces la realidad histórica nos empuja a un destino que no podemos controlar. Hablando de Panamá: “Después de todo, nuestra posición geográfica jalonó nuestra historia desde el comienzo y la sigue jalonando”. “La identidad de los pueblos se sustenta sobre la conciencia de su pasado. Mientras más fuerte es esa identidad más sólida es su sentido de historicidad, de pertenencia a un pasado común”.

“Nuestro nacionalismo, al igual que le nacimiento del liberalismo, …, se originó en el siglo XIX… Pero si el nacionalismo y el trasfondo ideológico que le sirve de base, han constituido los soportes fundamentales de nuestra legitimación como pueblo y como unidad nacional, es necesario que esa legitimación tenga apoyo en la conciencia histórica” (ojo).

Esto último me recuerda un mandato de Carlos Gasteazoro para los historiadores panameños en el sentido de que debían buscar en el pasado colonial y del siglo XIX las particularidades que nos diferenciaran de Colombia, ya que los historiadores panameños de aquella época no lo hicieron (Gasteazoro, 1970). Poner lo que no estaba, pero que sirva a la legitimación del estado nación nacido el 3 de noviembre de 1903.

Reflexiones críticas a los aportes epistemológicos de Castillero

A. No discuto aquello con lo que estoy plenamente de acuerdo: la historia es un libro abierto y, en buena medida imponderable, porque los factores que intervienen en ella son tantos que es muy difícil predecirla; factores objetivos y subjetivos; y no puede ser reducida a un solo factor, así sea el económico como hace cierto marxismo mecanicista. Por eso, ni el tirano más poderoso puede controlar por completo una sociedad, ni el historiador más sagaz es capaz de predecir el futuro con certeza.

B. La historia es un libro abierto, pero es posible encontrar en ella tendencias, regularidades y, de hecho, se pueden hacer, y se hacen, pronósticos de tipo probabilísticos o hipotético-deductivos. Si no fuera así, la “historia científica” de la que habla Castillero no sería posible porque tendríamos un caos en el que solo quedaría aplicar un “individualismo metodológico”, es decir, meras descripciones anecdóticas de las que no se podrían sacar conclusiones.

C. La historia, para que sea ciencia, como desea Castillero, busca en el mar de hechos que parecen caóticos, establecer algún orden lógico, racional. Y con qué instrumentos vamos a los hechos (documentos, registros o datos) a encontrar el orden racional de las cosas: vamos armados con un instrumental teórico, con categorías (como diría Kant), con conceptos teóricos con los que cotejamos los hechos y los ordenamos.

D. Es ahí donde hay que recatar, entre tantos aportes teóricos en historia y ciencias sociales el materialismo histórico, que Castillero parece rechazar en bloque, porque ha aportado un aparato conceptual que permite poner luz, o ayudar a comprender muchos hechos históricos y sociales.

E. Castillero cita a Fernand Braudel, de cuya corriente abrevó en sus ensayos de juventud, por lo que sabe muy bien que la “escuela de los anales” en general, y la historia económica debe muchísimo a la teoría marxista o materialismo histórico. Porque, después de todo, el concepto “larga duración” tiene una deuda con la categoría marxista de “modo de producción”.

F. Otro ejemplo, entre muchísimo, en los que el marxismo ha puesto luz: ¿A qué se debió la Segunda Guerra Mundial? ¿A la “locura” de Hitler como pretende cierta perspectiva ideológica norteamericana? ¿O fue un conflicto entre intereses capitalistas por el control de los mercados mundiales? ¿A qué se debe la guerra ruso-ucraniana, a la ambición desquiciada de Putin, como dicen algunos medios de comunicación, o hay algo más profundo respecto al control planetario por parte de potencias imperialistas? El método marxista ayuda a responder estas preguntas con mucho rigor científico y factual, superando las interpretaciones sicológicas y caricaturescas de claro corte ideológico.

G. Por otro lado, Castillero no puede dejar de reconocer que, en la relación entre potencias imperialistas y sociedades coloniales y semicoloniales, la variante marxista latinoamericana denominada Teoría de la Dependencia ha aportado considerablemente.

H. El método marxista también ayuda a comprender la historia de Panamá: ¿En la separación de Colombia jugaron algún factor intereses capitalistas materializados en la Compañía Nueva del Canal, la Panamá RailRoad Co., J. P. Morgan y el abogado William N. Cromwell? ¿O todo se reduce al “fervor patriótico” de J. A. Arango y Manuel Amador Guerrero? ¿Por cierto, estos últimos personajes guardaban alguna relación con los primeros? De nuevo, solo un método que diseccione los profundos nexos entre intereses económicos foráneos y locales puede ayudarnos a conocer las motivaciones reales de los actores de la separación de Colombia, superando el cúmulo de falsedades y medias verdades que rodean el acontecimiento en la historia oficial panameña.

I. Si bien, como dice Castillero, no todos los hechos históricos son reducibles a razones económicas o clasistas, buena parte de esos hechos sociales e históricos sólo se entienden gracias al instrumental teórico aportado por la teoría marxista. Podríamos seguir ejemplificando el enorme poder del materialismo histórico para entender las sociedades, por ejemplo: ¿Las próximas elecciones de 2024 en Panamá son una competencia democrática entre proyectos, como dicen algunos políticos, o hay inconfesables intereses crematísticos detrás de la mayoría de los partidos y sus candidatos?

J. Por supuesto, lo material o económico no lo explica todo, pero muchas veces, sobre todo en los trazos gruesos de la historia, es posible establecer una relación entre el “mundo material” y el “mundo espiritual”. Por eso coincido plenamente por lo dicho por Alfredo Castillero Calvo cuando afirma: “Pero también esos dos polos -el de lo material y el del espíritu- pueden incitarse mutuamente en una inagotable relación dialéctica en la que a veces no se sabe dónde encontrar el origen de sus ritmos, discernir el predominio de una fuerza sobre otra”. Exactamente ese es el criterio del marxismo no mecanicista.

K. Nos ilustró en ese sentido una clase con el profesor Guillermo Castro en la Maestría de Estudios Políticos de la Universidad de Panamá, señalando la relación entre las corrientes pictóricas mexicanas y la historia política del país. Mientras en el período colonial prevalecían pinturas con temas religiosos y personajes notables del Virreinato de la Nueva España; durante el “Porfiriato” destacaban los retratos de burgueses y de paisajes en que aparecían las nuevas tecnologías, como el ferrocarril; la pintura muralista nació con la Revolución de 1910, llenándose sus temas de los actores centrales de aquella gesta: campesinos, indígenas, pueblo. Podríamos aportar muchísimos otros ejemplos como éste, en el que el enfoque marxista aporta enormemente a la comprensión de los hechos históricos.

L. Fue el filósofo Hegel el que se preguntó si la historia humana obedecía a alguna lógica, si se movía en algún sentido, o si era solo repetición infinita, como creían algunas culturas, o su objetivo era la segunda venida de Jesucristo, como creía el cristianismo. De esa reflexión nació la “filosofía de la historia”, pero, como Hegel era idealista y metafísico, dijo que la historia era el desarrollo de la Idea Absoluta que se había alienado de sí misma, y que debía reencontrarse como conciencia humana en la sociedad moderna europea. Hizo falta que llegara Carlos Marx para aportar una mejor interpretación, señalando que la historia humana encuentra su sentido en la búsqueda de la sobrevivencia como especie, lo que implica satisfacer las necesidades humanas, empezando con las fisiológicas y continuando con las “espirituales”, mediante el trabajo. Y que el tono de cada sociedad en concreto se obtiene de la forma específica en que organiza el trabajo socialmente y de las variantes tecnológicas (fuerzas productivas) que el ingenio humano va creando.

M. Los historiadores postmodernos, más pesimistas e individualistas, prefieren la Tesis IX de Walter Benjamin en la que, a partir de un cuadro de Klee, “Angelus Novus”, éste define el ángel de la historia como el de ese cuadro que, empujado por el viento avanza con el rostro vuelto hacia el pasado. “Donde ante nosotros aparece una cadena de datos, él ve una única catástrofe que amontona incansablemente ruina tras ruina y se las va arrojando a los pies”.

N. En mis clases de teoría sociológica siempre digo a los estudiantes que todos los enfoques teóricos de las ciencias sociales recogen un elemento de verdad y tienen un ámbito de validez o utilidad, dependiendo de a qué asunto se apliquen. Que el problema está cuando se eleva al absoluto un solo método para todos los problemas. De manera que, cuando se analizan los grandes conflictos sociales e históricos, el materialismo histórico nos ayuda profundamente, pero no es muy útil si hacemos microsociología o microhistoria.

O. La parte más discutible del extraordinario ensayo aportado por Alfredo Castillero es la que se refiere a lo concreto, a Panamá. Porque me da la impresión de que hay una contradicción con lo expuesto al inicio, ya que parece apelar a cierto “determinismo” geográfico o histórico respecto a los habitantes del istmo de Panamá, muy característico de la historia oficial panameña.

P. Cuando afirma: “Después de todo, nuestra posición geográfica jalonó nuestra historia desde el comienzo y la sigue jalonando”, “empujándonos irreversiblemente hacia un destino que difícilmente podemos dirigir o controlar…”. Todavía se vuelve más controversial cuando en los siguientes párrafos asocia ese determinismo geográfico al “nacionalismo” e “identidad” panameña, que se originó en el siglo XIX y “maduró” en el siglo XX.

Q. Castillero fue mi profesor en uno de mis cursos de maestría y fue una buena parte de su obra histórica, combinada y cotejada con la de Ricaurte Soler, la que utilicé en mi tesis de grado (Beluche, 1997). La lectura de la historia panameña aportada por Castillero me llevó a la conclusión central de mi tesis: no existía en nuestro siglo XIX en el imaginario popular un proyecto separatista o de construcción de un estado nacional independiente de Colombia. Inclusive tampoco en la clase dominante panameña, la comercial, hubo una convicción mayoritaria en favor de ese proyecto, aunque coyunturalmente fue planteado por algunas personas. Más aún, toda esa historia de “intentos separatistas” fue una creación posterior a los hechos de 1903, en los que conflictos políticos, fueron reducidos a proclamas separatistas.

R. No existe una “nación panameña” nacida hace 500 años marcados por la geografía y el “amor” entre Balboa y Anayansi. Eso es un invento de la “nación romántica”, como dice Luis Pulido (Pulido, 2008). Por ello, tampoco es cierta la afirmación de que “los panameños nos independizamos de España solos y nos unimos voluntariamente a la Gran Colombia de Bolívar”. Las “provincias del Istmo” no eran una “nación” en 1821, por ende, nadie habló por “los panameños”, hablaron los municipios de acuerdo a la tradición española. Y hubo contradicciones sociales, económicas y culturales muy claras entre La Villa y Panamá (clases campesinas y clase comerciante). Además, las provincias del Istmo eran parte del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada desde 1839, por ende, al proclamarse las actas del 10 y del 28 de noviembre se dice con naturalidad que eran parte del estado recién creado, Colombia.

S. Asociar la identidad nacional del pueblo panameño al determinismo geográfico durante el siglo XIX conduce a otro error histórico, porque lo que caracterizó la historia social del Istmo en esa centuria fue un creciente conflicto social y político entre el pueblo del arrabal y el campesinado de Azuero contra los comerciantes y latifundistas. Liberales contra conservadores. Ese conflicto fue la tónica, desde la crisis de 1826 entre Bolívar y Santander, hasta la Guerra de los Mil Días.

T. La trampa más engañosa en la que caen historiadores y sociólogos es la del concepto “nación”, con el que se pretende borrar los conflictos sociales y de clases. En el caso panameño, un ejemplo de este error lo cometió Ricaurte Soler, quien pese a ser reputado como marxista, cuando analiza el conflicto de 1860-61, otorga supuestas virtudes nacionalistas al gobernador de Panamá, Santiago de la Guardia, y critica al arrabal de Santa Ana porque se posicionó junto a su líder, Buenaventura Correoso, del bando liberal del gobierno presidido por Mosquera (Soler, 1971) (Soler, 1963).

U. En todo caso, a lo largo del siglo XIX, durante el “Panamá colombiano”, el arrabal, el campesinado y una parte de los indígenas (con Victoriano Lorenzo) fue persistentemente opositor al proyecto transitista de los comerciantes, incluso con las armas en la mano.

V. El problema de la relación entre historia y nación, ya lo estableció Eric Hobsbawm: “naciones sin pasado son contradicciones en términos. Lo que hace una nación es el pasado, lo que justifica una nación contra otros es el pasado, y los historiadores son las personas que lo producen” (Hobsbawm, 1998). Por eso, la historia al servicio del nacionalismo es simplemente “ideología” como critica Castillero. Al igual que él, opino que en el siglo XXI los y las historiadores (as) de Panamá deben ser más revisionistas que tradicionalistas.

Bibliografía

Beluche, O. (1997). Estado, nación y clases sociales en Panamá. Panamá: Portobelo.

Castillero, A. (28 de Mayo de 2023). Pensar la historia: Propuestas epistemológicas. La Prensa.

Gasteazoro, C. (1970). “Estudio preliminar al Compendio de Historia de Panamá”. En J. B. Arce, Compendio de Historia de Panamá (págs. XX-XXI). Panamá: EUPAN.

Hobsbawm, E. (1998). Naciones y nacionalismo desde 1780. Barcelona: Crítica.

Pulido, L. (2008). Filosofía de la nación romántica (Seis ensayos críticos sobre el pensamiento intelectual y filosófico en Panamá, 1930-1960). Panamá: Editorial Mariano Arosemena.

Soler, R. (1963). Formas ideológicas de la nación panameña. Panamá: Ediciones de la revista Tareas.

Soler, R. (1971). Pensamiento panameño y concepción de la nacionalidad durante el siglo XIX. Panamá: Librería Cultural Panameña.

 

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Idania Dowman and her band cover Coltrane in 2020.

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Melissa Aldana – Bremen 2022
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Biden kept Social Security out of the deal, but McCarthy’s still coming for it

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“MAGA Republicans want to reach into our pockets and steal our earned Social Security and Medicare benefits,” responded one advocacy group. Kevin McCarthy addresses supporters. GetArchive photo.

‘This isn’t the end’: McCarthy takes aim at Social Security after debt ceiling deal

by Jake Johnson — Common Dreams

After securing a debt ceiling agreement that caps federal spending and threatens food aid for hundreds of thousands of poor adults, House Speaker Kevin McCarthy made clear Wednesday that Republicans are not finished targeting the nation’s safety net programs—and signaled a coming effort by the GOP to slash Social Security and Medicare.

In a Fox News appearance ahead of the House’s passage of the debt limit legislation, McCarthy (R-Calif.) said the measure is just “the first step” of the GOP’s broader agenda, which includes further cuts to federal programs and massive tax breaks for the wealthy.

“This isn’t the end. This doesn’t solve all the problems,” the Republican leader said of the House-passed bill, which would lift the debt ceiling until January 2025—setting up another potential standoff shortly after the 2024 elections.

McCarthy lamented that President Joe Biden “walled off” major components of the federal budget, including Social Security and Medicare, from cuts as part of the debt ceiling agreement—though McCarthy himself agreed to “take those off the table” in late January.

“The majority driver of the budget is mandatory spending. It’s Medicare, Social Security, interest on the debt,” the Republican speaker said Wednesday, adding that he intends to announce a bipartisan “commission” to examine ways to cut such spending.

The progressive group Our Revolution responded that “it’s never enough for the right wing.”

“They want it all,” the group wrote on Twitter. “We have to tell them NO.”

Watch McCarthy’s comments:

The idea of forming a bipartisan commission to study and propose cuts to Social Security, Medicare, and other non-discretionary spending is hardly new.

In 2021, Sen. Mitt Romney (R-Utah) led a group of Republican and Democratic lawmakers—including Sens. Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.) and Mark Warner (D-Va.)—in unveiling legislation that would establish bipartisan panels to study and recommend changes to the nation’s trust funds, a scheme modeled after the Obama-era Simpson-Bowles commission that recommended Social Security cuts.

The changes proposed by the so-called “rescue committees” would then receive expedited votes in the House and Senate.

Advocacy groups have described the Romney legislation, known as the TRUST Act, as an insidious ploy to cut Medicare and Social Security behind closed doors. Republicans have also proposed raising the Social Security retirement age, a move that would slash benefits across the board.

Social Security Works, which has been speaking out against the TRUST Act for years, said Wednesday that “MAGA Republicans want to reach into our pockets and steal our earned Social Security and Medicare benefits.”

Jon Bauman, president of the Social Security Works PAC, urged the public to “beware the ‘Problem Solvers’ and ‘No Labels’-style Democrats who would be willing to ‘serve’ on McCarthy’s commission to cut your earned benefits.”

“They are problem MAKERS,” he wrote.

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